Marneros and colleagues have described multiple skin erosions in a patient receiving pralatrexate, a novel inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, for the treatment of adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATLL).1 These skin erosions were not due to the toxicity of the drug on keratinocytes but rather to the apoptosis of intra-epidermal atypical T cells as evidenced by the selective erosions on pre-exi...

Background—Idiopathic oesophageal ulcers have only been described in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We report the first case occurring in an immunocompetent patient. Case history—A 52 year old man presented with a one year history of odynophagia, retrosternal chest pain, dysphagia, and a 10 kg weight loss. He had no history of gastrointestinal disease and had not taken...

Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterised by the presence of xerostomia and xerophthalmia without evidence of another systemic autoimmune disease. It has a wide clinical spectrum, extending from exocrinopathy to systemic autoimmune disease and to B cell lymphoma. The association of SS with aplastic anaemia (AA) has rarely been reported 2 and only in patients with ly...

Cancer precursors are the tissue antecedents of cancer. They are distinguished from biomarkers in that they reflect a morphologic as opposed to a merely biochemical or genetic association with a specific cancer. Precursors to cancers are increasingly recognized as universal, relevant to carcinogenesis, and providing a unique potential for primary and secondary prevention. As the molecular, imag...

B CELLS ARE the only eukaryotic cells that are able to produce antibody molecules. Their growth and differentiation into antibody producing cells require the presence of T cells and macrophages; the function of these cells was found to be replaced by soluble factors. 3 In the early i980s it was shown that at least two different kinds of factors were required in the regulation of B cell response...

Objectives: Successful engraftment of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected cells and a marked increase of proviral DNA loads (PVLs) in non-obese diabetic/ severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID)/ c null (NOG) mice have been reported. Whether the increased PVL in transplanted mice is due to the new infection of HTLV-1 was examined. Methods: Mononuclear cells from 3 NOG mice wit...

Breast cancer tissue contains its own unique microbiota. Emerging preclinical data indicates that breast microbiota dysbiosis contributes to initiation and progression. Furthermore, the may be a promising biomarker for treatment selection prognosis. Differences in composition have been found between subtypes disease severities contribute immunosuppression, enabling tumor cells evade immune dest...