background: during the recent years, significant progress has been achieved on development of novel anti-viral drugs. natural products are assumed as the potential sources of novel anti-viral drugs; therefore, there are some previous studies reporting the anti-viral compounds from venomous animals. based on the significant value for tracing of non-toxic anti-viral agents from natural resources,...

human immunodeficiency virus infection in haemophiliacs. Lancet 1986;ii: 1233-6. 12 Centers for Disease Control. Classification system for human T-lymphotropic virus type Illymphadenopathy-associated virus infections. Ann Intern Med 1986;105:234-7. 13 Centers for Disease Control. Revision of the case definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome for national reporting. MMWR 1985;34: 374-5. 1...

Changes in Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Sexually Transmitted Infections, andHepatitis C Virus in Opioid Treatment Programs Opioid dependence is a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.1 Opioid treatment programs, which provide treatment to more than 300 000 opioid-dependent individuals in th...

Retroviral infections are considered important risk factors for cancer development in humans since approximately 15-20% of cancer worldwide is caused by an infectious agent. This report discusses the most established oncogenic retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1 and -2), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV),...

Skewing of the T-cell receptor repertoire of CD8(+) T cells has been shown in some persistent infections with viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, simian immunodeficiency virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. We have demonstrated that similar distortions also occur in nonpersistent measles virus infection. In addition, two of four children immunized with live, attenuated measles virus showed...

Since 2000, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has issued eight clinical recommendation statements on screening for sexually transmitted infections. This article, written on behalf of the USPSTF, is an overview of these recommendations. The USPSTF recommends that women at increased risk of infection be screened for chlamydia, gonorrhea, human immunodeficiency virus, and syphilis. ...

Few studies have characterised the degree of engagement in transactional sex among men and transgender women who have sex with men and explored its association with sexually transmitted infections and human immunodeficiency virus in Ecuador. We screened 642 men who have sex with men and transgender women for a pre-exposure prophylaxis clinical trial (iPrEx) in Guayaquil, Ecuador, 2007-2009. We ...

SUMMARY Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients may acquire new viral co-infections; they also may experience the reactivation or worsening of existing viral infections, including active, smoldering, or latent infections. HIV-infected patients may be predisposed to these viral infections owing to immunodeficiency or risk factors common to HIV and other viruses. A number of these af...

background: unsafe transfusion practices put patients at high risk of transfusion transmissible infections. we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of transfusion transmissible infections (including human immunodeficiency virus [hiv] 1 and 2, hepatitis b virus [hbv], hepatitis c virus (hcv) and syphilis) during a period of 18 months among blood donors in the blood bank of lady hardinge medical coll...

Aims & Scope Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an etiological agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) that has infected more than 75 million people since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic. Nearly half have died, currently more than 35 million people live with HIV, and in 2012 alone there was an estimated 2.3 million new HIV infections. In the absence of an effective vaccine, ant...