When productivity is fostered by an individual’s own human capital as well as by the economy-wide average level of human capital, individuals under-invest in human capital. The provision of subsidies for the formation of human capital, conditional on the subsidy being self-financed by tax revenues, can bring the economy to its socially optimal level of human capital. Yet a strictly positive pro...

Recent research suggests that emotions can have a central role in decision making in a number of contexts. These contexts range from work tasks and moral behaviour (e.g. Baumeister, Stillwell & Heatherton, 1994), social judgements and social behaviour (e.g. Forgas, 2000) to consumption (e.g. Lerner, Small, & Lowenstein, 2004). The context of ethical consumption – defined as consumption that ent...

OBJECTIVES Our goal was to examine the association between poverty, in the first and fourth years of life and cumulatively in the first and fourth years of life, and the health of children in the fourth year of life in the UK Millennium Cohort Study and in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD). METHODS Data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study of 14 556 children and from t...

Nearly 30 years ago the British government issued a landmark report on farm animal welfare (Brambell, 1965). This report stimulated the establishment of farm animal welfare policies and advisory bodies throughout Europe (Spedding, 1993), as well as a scientific research effort designed to address basic questions about how animal well-being could be defined and measured. Research attention was a...

Despite differences in focus, goals, and strategies between conservation biology and animal welfare, both are inextricably linked in many ways, and greater consideration of animal welfare, although important in its own right, also has considerable potential to contribute to conservation success. Nevertheless, animal welfare and animal ethics are not always considered explicitly within conservat...

Anthropomorphism, the use of human characteristics as a foundation for interpreting behavior and mental capacities of animals, is a bias undermining our understanding of other species, especially species as evolutionarily distant from humans as fishes. Anthropomorphism is not justified by allusions to evolutionary continuity among vertebrates, because no living vertebrate was ever a descendant ...