A standardised test procedure is described in which finger-tips are inoculated with broth cultures of organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphyloccocus saprophyticus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa): counts are made from washings of hands after disinfection with various antiseptic-detergents, alcoholic solutions, or unmedicated soap. 70% alcohol, with or without chlorhexidine, was ...

Literate programming systems are a class of domain specific languages designed to encourage writing programs specifically to be read as essays or books by humans instead of by machines. Systems like CWEB, WEB, and ChezWEB allow the user to associate arbitrary code bodies with a concise but natural language description. That description may then be referred to in other sections of the program so...

Researchers suggest that inadequate sanitation contributes to high rates of diarrheal disease causing 20 percent of diarrhea deaths (approximately 280,000 deaths in 2012)i. Despite the billions of dollars that governments and multi-lateral donors are spending on sanitation programming around the developing world, there is still disagreement on the fundamental reasons for high rates of inadequat...

BACKGROUND Despite the increasing promotion of alcohol-based hand rubs and the worldwide use of ethanol-based hand rubs in hospitals only few studies have specifically addressed the issue of ethanol absorption when repeatedly applied to human skin. The aim of this study was to assess if ethanol absorption occurs during hygienic and surgical hand disinfection using three different alcohol-based ...

Honu is a new language that contains a system for extending its syntax with an interface built on concrete syntax. Honu combines an existing hygienic macro system with a novel use of a precedence parser to achieve a syntax that is algol-like while maintaining the power of s-expression based macros. We demonstrate how to build the parser and connect it to the underlying macro system.

Many animals have individual and social mechanisms for combating pathogens. Animals may exhibit short-term physiological tradeoffs between social and individual immunity because the latter is often energetically costly. Genetic tradeoffs between these two traits can also occur if mutations that enhance social immunity diminish individual immunity, or vice versa. Physiological tradeoffs between ...

Within the multi-disciplinary CARMA (Campylobacter Risk Management and Assessment) project it was decided to focus on evaluation of interventions in the chicken meat chain. To assess the effect of control measures on the farm we developed a model on Campylobacter transmission in Dutch broilers and broiler flocks, resulting in an estimate of the Campylobacter prevalence in broilers for slaughter...

Existing source-code-generating tools such as Lex and Yacc suffer from practical inconveniences because they use disembodied code to implement actions. To prevent this problem, such tools could generate closed functors that are then instantiated by the programmer with appropriate action code. This results in all code being type checked in its appropriate context, and it assists the type checker...

Division of labor in social insects has made the evolution of collective traits possible that cannot be achieved by individuals alone. Differences in behavioral responses produce variation in engagement in behavioral tasks, which as a consequence, generates a division of labor. We still have little understanding of the genetic components influencing these behaviors, although several candidate g...