The objective of this study was to determine the density anaerobic granules on different heights a full-scale Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed reactor. defined through settling velocities granules, measured in In study, granular calculated with and developed mathematical model. model is based Stokes experiment, were taken from an reactor, 0.6 7.6 m. granules’ diameters varied between 1 5 mm. six vel...

Normal-mode observations of seven quiet regions, obtained by the Hinode spacecraft, are used to analyze the physical properties of granules with mean upward and downward Doppler velocity. We identify 75 146 granules from the observations with a granuledetection method. Then the granules are divided into two subsets: one with negative mean Doppler velocity (granule-upflows), and the other with p...

Aberrant reorganization of dentate granule cell axons, the mossy fibers, occurs in human temporal lobe epilepsy and rodent epilepsy models. Whether this plasticity results from the remodeling of preexisting mossy fibers or instead reflects an abnormality of developing dentate granule cells is unknown. Because these neurons continue to be generated in the adult rodent and their production increa...

Type I lissencephaly, a neuronal migration disorder characterized by cognitive disability and refractory epilepsy, is often caused by heterozygous mutations in the LIS1 gene. Histopathologies of malformation-associated epilepsies have been well described, but it remains unclear whether hyperexcitability is attributable to disruptions in neuronal organization or abnormal circuit function. Here, ...

During development of the cerebellum, Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is expressed in migrating and settled Purkinje neurons and is directly responsible for proliferation of granule cell precursors in the external germinal layer. We have previously demonstrated that SHH interacts with vitronectin in the differentiation of spinal motor neurons. Here, we analysed whether similar interactions between SHH and...

Cerebellar granule cells exhibit distinct modes of migration in different cortical layers. The role of external cues in controlling these alterations has been suggested, but the significance of internal programs is not well understood. In the present study, we examined autonomous changes of migratory behavior of isolated granule cells in microexplant cultures of the postnatal mouse cerebellum. ...

Morphologic studies have demonstrated a process by which -granule contents are released from platelets. Studies aimed at defining the molecular mechanisms of this release have demonstrated that SNARE proteins are required for -granule secretion. These observations raise the possibility that morphologic features of -granule secretion may be influenced by the subcellular distribution of SNARE pro...

The electron-dense cores of regulated secretory granules in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila are crystal lattices composed of multiple proteins. Granule synthesis involves a series of steps beginning with protein sorting, followed by the condensation and precise geometric assembly of the granule cargo. These steps may to various degrees be determined by the cargo proteins themselves. A promi...

The electron-dense cores of regulated secretory granules in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila are crystal lattices composed of multiple proteins. Granule synthesis involves a series of steps beginning with protein sorting, followed by the condensation and precise geometric assembly of the granule cargo. These steps may to various degrees be determined by the cargo proteins themselves. A promi...