Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (ApHCM), a subtype of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, may be found incidentally in healthy young adults. Arrhythmias are poor prognostic signs, and are the most frequent cause of sudden cardiac death. We present two cases of military aviators with ApHCM. One was a high-performance jet weapon system operator, who had asymptomatic non-sustained ventricular tachycar...

Background Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHM) is a variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, involving nearly exclusively apex. It is very common among Asian patients, predominantly in Japanese, which is considered relatively benign condition. However, severe clinical manifestations, including sudden cardiac death, severe arrhythmias and apical infarction have been described in case reports...

In the heart, increases in contractile load provoked by hypertension or valvular disease promote increases in cardiac mass through the hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. Injury or death to cardiomyocytes in a portion of the heart places a greater load on cells within uninjured areas and stimulates cellular hypertrophy. Similarly, in familial forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, defects in genes en...

In response to hypertension, the heart manifests robust hypertrophic growth, which offsets load-induced elevations in wall stress. If sustained, this hypertrophic response is a major risk factor for systolic dysfunction and heart failure. Extensive research efforts have focused on the progression from hypertrophy to failure; however, precise understanding of underlying mechanisms remains elusiv...

Two families are described in which individuals showed widespread myocardial disarray at histological examination, in the absence of macroscopic cardiac hypertrophy. In one family the clinical presentation was that of sudden unexpected cardiac death in four family members; members of the other family presented with electrocardiographic repolarisation changes and abnormalities of left ventricula...

An 18-year-old man with known hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy since age 9 was referred for evaluation. His mother had died suddenly at age 24, and her autopsy demonstrated hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The patient was asymptomatic. His only medication was propranolol. Two-dimensional echocardiographic images demonstrated normal left ventricular size with hyperdynamic function...

Introduction Although there is a paucity of randomized trials evaluating outcomes after primary-prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) placement for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, guidelines recommend ICD placement for certain patients with the disease. Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHCM) is one pattern of disease manifestation with unique characteristics. Hyp...

a 40 year old male, a known case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, was admitted for catheterization. at catheterization and angiography, septum was hypertrophied to about 5cm and diffuse coronary artery aneurysm was revealed. we found no previous report of coronary artery aneurysm in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Normal endochondral bone formation follows a temporal sequence: immature or resting chondrocytes move away from the resting zone, proliferate, flatten, become arranged into columns, and finally become hypertrophic, disintegrate, and are replaced by bone. The mechanisms that guide this process are incompletely understood, but they include programmed cell death, a stage important in development a...