Male hypogonadism is characterised by androgen deficiency and infertility. Hypogonadism can be caused by disorders at the hypothalamic or pituitary level (hypogonadotropic forms) or by testicular dysfunction (hypergonadotropic forms). Testosterone substitution is necessary in all hypogonadal patients, because androgen deficiency causes slight anemia, changes in coagulation parameters, decreased...

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) in type 2 diabetic men (T2DM) in population of Polish men and examine the possible influence of estradiol levels and glycemic control. We evaluated TT, cfT, estradiol, and glycemic control (HbA1c) in 184 diabetic men and in 149 nondiabetic control group. The mean HbA1c was 8.6 ± 0.2% and 6.1 ± 0.3% and ...

BACKGROUND Morbid obesity is associated with increased estradiol production as a result of aromatase-dependent conversion of testosterone to estradiol. The elevated serum estradiol levels may inhibit pituitary LH secretion to such extent that hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can result. Normalization of the disturbed estradiol-testosterone balance may be beneficial to reverse the adverse effects o...

We describe a case of severe erythrocytosis caused by testosterone replacement therapy in a 66-year-old man affected with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) determining osteoporosis, resolved by switching to restoration therapy with clomiphene citrate. The patient complained fatigue, loss of libido and defective erections and a spontaneous vertebral fracture despite bisphosphonate therapy and v...

Background Stimulatory therapy with gonadotrpins is an effective treatment to induce spermatogenesis in men with idiopathic hypogonadotroptic hypogonadism (IHH). The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of human chorionic gonadotropin / human menopausal gonadotropin on hypogonadotropic infertile men. MaterialsAndMethods This study included fifty-six azoospermic infertile men with I...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the presence of variants in the TAC3 and TACR3 genes, which encode NKB and its receptor (NK3R), respectively, in a large cohort of patients with idiopathic central pubertal disorders. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Two hundred and thirty seven patients were studied: 114 with central precocious puberty (CPP), 73 with normosmic isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH), and 50...

OBJECTIVE Mutations in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) gene are the cause of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). We describe the molecular investigations of the GnRHR gene in two siblings affected by HH and their clinical course. DESIGN The female was referred at age 14 for pubertal delay with no secondary sexual signs, whereas the male had been followed since pre...

Clinical case A sixteen year old boy presented, three years before, gastrointestinal (abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea) and neurologic symptoms (headache, diplopia, ataxia, VI nerve paralysis), with fever, oral and genital aphtosis. Laboratory tests showed increased ESR, CRP). He carried B51HLA. Physical examination showed svere obesity, pseudomicropenis, rare pubic hair, pubertal stage G2P2....

Ryan P. Kovach,∗ ¶ Gordon Luikart,† Winsor H. Lowe,‡ Matthew C. Boyer,§ and Clint C. Muhlfeld∗† ∗U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Glacier National Park West Glacier, MT 59936, U.S.A. †Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, U.S.A. ‡Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, U.S.A. §Montana Fish, W...