Intramuscular (i.m.) or s.c. injection of plasmid DNA encoding hepatitis B small surface antigen (HBsAg) primes potent MHC I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in H-2(d) (BALB/c) and H-2(b) (C57BL/6) mice. In contrast, i.m. or s.c. injection of exogenous HBsAg particles without adjuvants primes CTL responses in 'high responder' H-2(d) but not 'low responder' H-2(b) mice. We have ...

Examining the rate of in vivo T cell turnover (proliferation) in aged mice revealed a marked reduction in turnover at the level of memory-phenotype CD44(hi) CD8(+) cells relative to young mice. Based on adoptive transfer experiments, the reduced turnover of aged CD44(hi) CD8(+) cells reflected an inhibitory influence of the aged host environment. Aged CD44(hi) CD8(+) cells also showed poor in v...

Abstract The nosocomial pathogen Clostridioides difficile colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of patients following microbiome disruption and secretes two major virulence factors toxin A (TcdA) B (TcdB). Approximately 25% infected with C. experience recurrent infection, rate recurrence increases each subsequent infection. quality protective capacity adaptive immune response generated infection...

This paper studies asymmetric price responses of individual firms, via daily retail prices of almost all gasoline stations in the Netherlands and suggested prices of the five largest oil companies over more than two years. I find that 38% of the stations respond asymmetrically to changes in the spot market price. Hence, asymmetric pricing is not a feature of the market as a whole, but of indivi...

The aim of this article is to develop a methodology for measuring the degree unpredictability in dynamical systems with memory, i.e., responses dependent on history past states. proposed model generic, and can be employed variety settings, although its applicability here examined particular con...