A new bootstrap procedure to obtain prediction densities of returns and volatilities of GARCH processes is proposed. Financial market participants have shown an increasing interest in prediction intervals as measures of uncertainty. Furthermore, accurate predictions of volatilities are critical for many financial models. The advantages of the proposed method are that it allows incorporation of ...

It is well known that the Spanish stock market index (IBEX 35) exhibits unit roots. However, the implications of possible structural breaks in this series have not been deeply investigated. In this paper, we show that, when including a break at the beginning of 1998, the order of integration of the series becomes slightly smaller, strengthening the evidence of mean-reverting behaviour. When the...

The env gene of Small Ruminant LentiViruses (SRLV) encodes a polypeptide precursor which after glycosylation is cleaved to give the two glycoproteins viral envelope: transmembrane protein (TM) and surface (SU). passage adaptation SRLVs in new hosts always accompanied by genetic mutations SU region that determines tropism virus recognition cellular receptor. We studied properties "quasi-species"...

The browsing of wild ungulates can have profound effects on the structure and composition forests. In Swiss National Park, density ungulates, including red deer (Cervus elaphus), ibex (Capra ibex), chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), is exceptionally high due to strict protection absence large predators. We examined count data larch (Larix decidua), cembra pine (Pinus cembra), spruce (Picea abies), ...

mastitis, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis and, occasionally, abortion. Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) is the main cause of the disease in sheep and goats, but M. capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcc), M. mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc) and M. putrefaciens produce a clinically similar disease, more often in goats, which may be accompanied by pneumonia. Ma and Mcc have been isolated from wild small ruminant...