Fleegal, Melissa A., and Colin Sumners. Drinking behavior elicited by central injection of angiotensin II: roles for protein kinase C and Ca2 /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 285: R632–R640, 2003. First published May 8, 2003; 10.1152/ ajpregu.00151.2003.—Prior studies utilizing neurons cultured from the hypothalamus and brain stem of newborn rats h...

The contribution of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in mediating cardiovascular, renal, hormonal and sympathetic nerve responses to increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [Na] was investigated in conscious sheep. ICV hypertonic NaCl (0.5 mol/L, 20 μL/min for 60 min) increased arterial blood pressure (+13.4 mmHg SD 2.0, P<0.001, AP) and central venous pressure (+2.8 mmHg SD 1....

A novel 36-amino acid neuropeptide, neuromedin S (NMS), has recently been identified in rat brain and has been shown to be an endogenous ligand for two orphan G protein-coupled receptors, FM-3/GPR66 and FM-4/TGR-1. These receptors have been identified as neuromedin U (NMU) receptor type 1 and type 2, respectively. In this study, the physiological role of the novel peptide, NMS, on feeding regul...

Accumulation of continuous life stress (chronic stress) often causes gastric symptoms. Although central oxytocin has antistress effects, the role of central oxytocin in stress-induced gastric dysmotility remains unknown. Solid gastric emptying was measured in rats receiving acute restraint stress, 5 consecutive days of repeated restraint stress (chronic homotypic stress), and 7 consecutive days...

background and objectives: there is well established the beneficial effects of crocus sativus extract in learning and memory improvement. in the present study the effect of this plant in memory behavioral impairment and forbrain histological damage induced by stz-icv model of alzheimer disease were investigated. materials and methods: this study was conducted at shahed university (tehran) in 20...

introduction: ascorbic acid (aa) acts as an antioxidant in the central nervous system (cns) of the mammalians. it is released from the some nerve ending together with neurotransmitters. the results have shown that ascorbic acid could affect learning as well as memory. in this study, we examined the effect of icv injection of ascorbic acid on learning and memory by morris water maze. method: in ...

OBJECTIVE Prokineticin 2 (PK2) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide expressed in central nervous system areas known to be involved in food intake. We therefore hypothesized that PK2 plays a role in energy homeostasis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We investigated the effect of nutritional status on hypothalamic PK2 expression and effects of PK2 on the regulation of food intake by intracerebroventricu...

Neuroinflammation has been reported to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Neuroinflammation is generally considered as an outcome of glial activation; however, we recently demonstrated that T helper (Th)17 cells, a subpopulation of proinflammatory CD4+ T cells, are also involved in AD pathogenesis. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, a cytokine that can be expressed in t...

BACKGROUND Long-term exposure to opiates induces physical dependence; however, the neurobiological mechanisms of this phenomenon are not completely clear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of systemic and intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of selegiline (a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B) on the morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats. METHODS To this aim...

The effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ethylcholine aziridinium ion (AF64A) (3 nmole/2 microliter, each lateral ventricule), a putative selective cholinotoxin, on learning behaviors and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity were studied in rats. AF64A-treated rats (AF64A-rat) exhibited deficient performance in a passive avoidance task and a delayed alternation task in the...