A cell signaling system is in a non-equilibrium state, and it includes multistep biochemical signaling cascades (BSCs), which involve phosphorylation of signaling molecules, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In this study, the author considered signal transduction description using information thermodynamic theory. The ideal BSCs can be considered one type of the Szilard...

The renormalization group is not only a powerful method for describing universal properties of phase transitions but it is also useful for evaluating non-universal thermodynamic properties beyond meanfield theory. In this contribution we concentrate on these latter aspects of the renormalization group approach. We introduce its main underlying ideas in the familiar context of the ideal Bose gas...

We perform measurements of the third moment of atom number fluctuations in small slices of a very elongated weakly interacting degenerate Bose gas. We find a positive skewness of the atom number distribution in the ideal gas regime and a reduced skewness compatible with zero in the quasicondensate regime. For our parameters, the third moment is a thermodynamic quantity whose measurement constit...

A brief introduction to the MBE technique is presented with main attention to the elemental source MBE. A discussion on the effusion cell as beam source is shortly given starting from ideal cases to real cells homogeneity problems. A short review regarding the thermodynamic approach to the MBE is pointed out. Focusing on the possibility that, despite the fact that MBE processes occur under stro...

Bose-Einstein condensation ~BEC! of an ideal gas is investigated for a finite number of particles. In three dimensions, we find a transition temperature which is lower than in the thermodynamic limit. Lowering the dimension increases the transition temperature and is therefore favorable for BEC. This is in contrast to the standard result obtained in the thermodynamic limit which states that BEC...

We study the thermodynamics of a binary hard-disk mixture in which the ratio of disk diameters is kappa=1.4. We use a recently developed molecular dynamics algorithm to calculate the free-volume entropy of glassy configurations and obtain the configurational entropy (degeneracy) of the supercompressed liquid as a function of density. We find that the configurational entropy of the glasses near ...

Statistical mechanics is a branch of physics that applies probability theory, which contains mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the study of the thermodynamic behavior of systems composed of a large number of particles. A deep connection between probability theory and physics has been discovered in the research of statistical mechanics. The simplest model in statistical m...

For continuous phase transitions characterized by power-law divergences, Fisher renormalization prescribes how to obtain the critical exponents for a system under constraint from their ideal counterparts. In statistical mechanics, such ideal behaviour at phase transitions is frequently modified by multiplicative logarithmic corrections. Here, Fisher renormalization for the exponents of these lo...

The bulk of the hot and dense matter created at RHIC behaves like an almost ideal fluid. I present the evidence for this and also discuss what we can learn about the transport properties of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) from the gradual breakdown of ideal fluid dynamic behavior at large transverse momenta, lower beam energies, larger impact parameters, and forward rapidities. 1 The QCD Equation ...