The insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins are adaptor molecules that integrate signals generated by receptors that are implicated in human breast cancer. We investigated the specific contribution of IRS-2 to mammary tumor progression using transgenic mice that express the polyoma virus middle T antigen (PyV-MT) in the mammary gland and IRS-2-null (IRS-2(-/-)) mice. PyV-MT-induced tumor init...

soil salinity has been a large problem in arid and semi arid regions. preparation of such maps is useful for natural resource managers. old methods of preparing such maps require a lot of time and cost. multi-spectral remotely sensed dates due to the broad vision and repeating of these imageries is suitable for provide saline soil maps. this investigation is conducted to provide saline soil map...

BACKGROUND Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction (MI) and the development of heart failure. Both angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and insulin/insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) show cardioprotective effects after acute MI. The Arg972 IRS-1 polymorphism is associated with diminished activity of insulin. In t...

In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) plays a major role in inducing phenotypic switching from contractile to proliferative state. Importantly, VSMC phenotypic switching is also determined by the phosphorylation state/expression levels of insulin receptor substrate (IRS), an intermediary signaling component that is shared by insulin and IGF-I. To date, t...

We have previously characterized an insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1)-overexpressing beta-cell line. These beta-cells demonstrated elevated fractional insulin secretion and elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) levels compared with wild-type and vector controls. This effect of IRS-1 may be mediated via an interaction with the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA). Here we demonstrate that I...

Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) molecules are key mediators in insulin signaling and play a central role in maintaining basic cellular functions such as growth, survival, and metabolism. They act as docking proteins between the insulin receptor and a complex network of intracellular signaling molecules containing Src homology 2 (SH2) domains. Four members (IRS-1, IRS-2, IRS-3, IRS-4) of this f...

D-glucose regulates maintenance and function of pancreatic beta-cells. Several studies have shown that IRS-2, but not IRS-1, is necessary to maintain and sufficient to expand functional beta-cell mass. We therefore analyzed the expression of IRS-2 and IRS-1 in beta-cells after culture in the presence of various concentrations of D-glucose and other metabolisable or non-metabolisable hexoses. D-...

Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), and its structural relative IRS-2, are both phosphorylated on tyrosine following treatment of cells with interleukin-4 (IL-4) and insulin. We have investigated whether both IRS-1 and IRS-2 are expressed in murine lymphohemopoietic cells. T and B lymphocytes and macrophages from primary cultures expressed only IRS-2, which became phosphorylated on tyrosine f...

BACKGROUND Indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria prevention has traditionally been implemented in Ethiopia by the district health office with technical and operational inputs from regional, zonal, and central health offices. The United States President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) in collaboration with the Government of Ethiopia tested the effectiveness and efficiency of integrating IRS into...