We study the outcome of an immigration amnesty for a government that faces a trade-off between minimizing the number of unwanted immigrants and expanding the tax base. Since the government is not credible when announcing a generalized amnesty, both the fiscal benefit and the stock of illegal immigrants are sub-optimal. In addition, we argue that amnesties can occur only at irregular intervals a...

The prevailing Eurocentric perspective on Mediterranean migration lies almost exclusively in the security paradigm, focusing upon African illegal migration to Europe and disregarding the role of migration in the socio-economic development of the African continent. The older emigration histories of North African countries are diverse, with Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria linked to France as a desti...

This paper introduces an automatic moving object detection and extraction system (MODES), which uses image processing to detect and extract moving objects within a monitored zone. Monitoring restricted areas such as international borders or buffer zones is of utmost importance; in particular with the worldwide increase of border conflicts, illegal immigration, and terrorism over the past decade...

U.S. immigrants have faced a changing landscape with regard to immigration enforcement over the last two decades. Following the passage of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, and the creation of the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency after the attacks of September 11, 2001, detention and deportation activity increased substantially. As a result...

Purpose: The European Union and its European Neighbourhood are mutually dependent. In the next decades, the European Union (EU) will need to import foreign labour in response to different challenges. The geographical proximity, economic, cultural and historical links with EU Neighbouring countries make them an important potential source of labour force and, moreover, they are the main countries...

Age estimation in humans has taken an important role in today’s modern society [1-4]. It is of great importance in several areas: deciding the age of living persons and in the identification process of unknown deceased persons. For unknown deceased persons, it is of significance to identify the victims of mass disasters, fires, accidents, crashes and homicides. As regards the living persons, it...

I. Introduction The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) was enacted in 1986 in an effort to reduce illegal migration by fining those employers who hire unauthorized workers. At the same time, in order to recognize the commitment that many unauthorized workers had already made to the U.S. labor market, the General Legalization Program granted amnesty to approximately 1.7 million people who...

Optimal Immigration Policy: Permanent, Guest-Worker, or Mode IV? Immigration continues to be on the forefront of the policy debate on both sides of the Atlantic. A number of reforms of permanent and guest-worker (GW) immigration programs are being considered, and the temporary movement of service providers under Mode IV (GATS) is being negotiated at the Doha Round of the WTO. This paper contrib...