BACKGROUND Exertional heat stroke is a devastating condition that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Rapid cooling is the most effective means of treating heat stroke, but little is published on the safety and logistics of cooling patients on site at a major sporting event. PURPOSE To describe an on-site exertional heat stroke treatment protocol and to compare the outcomes of pati...

CONTEXT Cryotherapy is used widely in sport and exercise medicine to manage acute injuries and facilitate rehabilitation. The analgesic effects of cryotherapy are well established; however, a potential caveat is that cooling tissue negatively affects neuromuscular control through delayed muscle reaction time. This topic is important to investigate because athletes often return to exercise, reha...

The current paper evaluates the thermal performance of immersion cooling for an Electric Vehicle (EV) battery module comprised NCA-chemistry based cylindrical 21700 format Lithium-ion cells. Efficacy in improving maximum cell temperature, cell’s temperature gradient, cell-to-cell differential, and pressure drop are investigated by direct comparison with a cold-plate-cooled module. Parametric an...

M ANY observations have been made on the effect of reduced body temperature on oxygen consumption. Overall conclusions are made difficult, however, by the wide range of experiment designs. Whether anesthesia was used, if so, depth and type, method of inducing hypothermia, duration of exposure, and species variation are but a few of the many factors tending to preclude generalizations. Too, vari...

Cooling strategies that help prevent a reduction in exercise capacity whilst exercising in the heat have received considerable research interest over the past 3 decades, especially in the lead up to a relatively hot Olympic and Paralympic Games. Progressing into the next Olympic/Paralympic cycle, the host, Rio de Janeiro, could again present an environmental challenge for competing athletes. De...

The low-temperature X-ray diffraction studies of orthorhombic insulin citrate crystals reported here were initially undertaken because of the rapid deterioration at room temperature of certain insulin crystals containing heavy-metal cations. The effects of cooling on mosaic character and radiation sensitivity were studied. Two temperature ranges were employed: (a) below -150'C and (b) 00C to -1...