background and aims:il-22 is an α-helical cytokine.il-22 binds to a heterodimeric cell surface receptor composed of il-10r2 and il-22r1subunits.il-22r is expressed on tissue cells and it is absent on immune cells.il-22 and il-10 receptor chains play a role in cellular targeting and signal transduction to selectively initiate and regulate immune responses. the aim of this study was to investigat...

The vast genetic alterations characteristic of tumours produce a number of tumour antigens that enable the immune system to differentiate tumour cells from normal cells. Counter to this, tumour cells have developed mechanisms by which to evade host immunity in their constant quest for growth and survival. Tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) are one of the fundamental triggers of the immune respon...

Human Plasmodium infection produces a robust adaptive immune response. Time courses for 104 children followed 42 days after initiation of falciparum chemotherapy were assayed antibody levels to the five isotypes human immunoglobulins (Ig) and 4 subclasses IgG 32 P. antigens encompassing all parasite stages infection. IgD IgE against these undetectable at 1:100 serum concentration, but other Ig ...

the objective of this study was to determine the protein pattern and antigenic structure of bhv-1. ten viral isolates from cows with clinical signs of respiratory infections were selected for this study and confirmed by sn test. all samples were cultured on cell cultures and purified by ultracentrifugation. purified isolates were electerophorsed using sds-page method and immunoblotted. viral an...

Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic materials that regulate the immune system and induce innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. These substances are classified into two types, immunostimulants and immunosuppressants. Immunostimulants can enhance body's resistance against various infections through increasing the basal levels of immune response. These agents could increase the oxidative a...

This study was performed in order to define the cellular immune response of 12 recovered cutaneous leishmaniasis subjects to different soluble antigens of the amastigote form of Leishmania major. A soluble leishmanial antigen preparation (SLA) derived from highly-purified amastigotes from infected nude mice was fractionated by Mono Q column using Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) s...

In this investigation found a bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain, two different of antigens such as whole cell antigen and nucleotide antigens were prepared and injected into the experimental fish(Catla catla) groups and control for the study of cell mediated immune response and cell mediated immune response. Cell mediated response analysed by T cell counts as whole bacterial ant...

The concept of stimulating the body's immune response is the basis underlying vaccination. Vaccines act by initiating the innate immune response and activating antigen presenting cells (APCs), thereby inducing a protective adaptive immune response to a pathogen antigen. Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to enhance the immunogenicity of highly purified antigens that have insufficient im...

Development of an effective vaccine to target tumor associated carbohydrate antigens, aberrantly expressed on the cell surface of various carcinomas, is an appealing approach toward cancer immunotherapy. However, a major problem of carbohydrate antigens is their poor immunogenicity. Immunization with modified-carbohydrate antigens could improve the immunogenicity and induce cross reaction with ...

The immune response by T cells usually discriminates self and non-self antigens, even though the negative selection of self-reactive T cells is imperfect and a certain fraction of T cells can respond to self-antigens. In this study, we construct a simple mathematical model of T cell populations to analyze how such self/non-self discrimination is possible. The results demonstrate that the contro...