Abstract Motivating reforms to address discrimination and exclusion is important. But what epistemic practices characterize better or worse ways of doing this? Recently, the phenomena implicit biases have played a large role in motivating reforms. We argue that this strategy risks perpetuating two kinds oppression: vindication dynamic contributory injustice. offer positive proposals for avoidin...

134 words) We examined a large set of conditional inference data compiled from several previous studies and asked three questions: how is normative performance related to intelligence, does negative conclusion bias stem from Type 1 or Type 2 processing, and does implicit negation bias stem from Type 1 or Type 2 processing? Our analysis demonstrated that a) rejecting denial of the antecedent and...