Pulsar radio emission is generally found to be linearly polarized over all longitudes of profiles, some times as high as up to 100%. The position angle sweep is in an ‘S’ shape, which can be well understood within the rotating vector model (Radhakrishnan & Cooke 1969). However, depolarization and position angle jumping are often found in the integrated profiles of some pulsars. In this paper, w...

Traditional box plots, described by Tukey in 1977, can be biased representations of geographic or spatial variables, since they do not take into account the areas associated with the elements of geographic variables. To help solve this problem, we propose and evaluate a spatially (areally) weighted box plot, a “geographic box plot,” that can be used to describe a wide variety of geographic vari...

Paleoclimate studies suggest that increased global warmth during the Eocene epoch was greatly amplified at high latitudes, a state that climate models cannot fully reproduce. However, proxy estimates of Eocene near-Antarctic sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have produced widely divergent results at similar latitudes, with SSTs above 20 °C in the southwest Pacific contrasting with SSTs between 5 ...

A tenet of macroecology is that physiological processes of organisms are linked to large-scale geographical patterns in environmental conditions. Species at higher latitudes experience greater seasonal temperature variation and are consequently predicted to withstand greater temperature extremes. We tested for relationships between breadths of thermal tolerance in ectothermic animals and the la...

1 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A7, Canada 2 School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada 3 Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK 4 Department of Chemistry, Waterloo University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada 5 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA 6 Environment Canada, Downsvie...

BACKGROUND Research about collaboration within teams of learners in intensive care is sparse, as is research on how the learners in a group develop into a team. The aim of this study was to explore the collaboration in teams of learners during a rotation in an interprofessional education unit in intensive care from a sociocultural learning perspective. METHODS Focused Ethnographic methods wer...

During the latest Neoproterozoic to Mid-Cambrian time (580–505 Ma ago), the Earth underwent significant changes in palaeogeography that included rifting of a possible supercontinent and the near simultaneous formation of a second, slightly smaller supercontinent. It is against this tectonic backdrop that the Cambrian radiation occurred. Although the general tectonic setting during this interval...

The first aerosol indirect effect over a clean, northern high-latitude site was investigated by determining the aerosol cloud interaction (ACI) using three different approaches; ground-based in situ measurements, combined ground-based in situ measurements and satellite retrievals and using only satellite retrievals. The obtained values of ACI were highest for in situ ground-based data, clearly ...

The last two decades have witnessed a dramatic growth in interest in the interaction between economic activity and geophysical variables. A major hurdle for current research is the complete disjunction of socioeconomic and geophysical data. The present study describes the results of the GEcon project, which has developed a geophysically based data set on economic activity. The G-Econ data prese...

Adjustments to data observed at pairs of climate stations have been recommended to remove the biases introduced by differences between the stations in time of observation, temperature instrumentation, latitude, and elevation. A new network of climate stations, located in rural settings, permits comparisons of temperatures for several pairs of stations without two of the biases (time of observat...