this manuscript illustrates how the human resource management concept of employee empowerment likely has benefits in both developed and developing economies. studies in the hospitality sector and the manufacturing sector in canada, india, and turkey show that, in general, empowering supervisory behaviors, such as transformational leadership, increase feelings of psychological empowerment of emp...

car accidents are documented as a growing public health problem in iran as well as other developing countries. generally growing number of population and vehicles are not accompanied by extending road construction programs. these could be result in high death, disability, and economic loss in such country compare to develop one. this mainly affected young person who are economically more active...

cash transfer (cts) is an increasingly popular social protection mechanism used by many developing countries to improve the food security and nutritional status of lower socio-economic groups. this paper is a review of the literature regarding the impact of ct programs on the food security of recipient households in the developing countries, including iran. we looked for all original studies, p...

despite  impressive  advancements  in  diagnostic  and  treatment technologies,  infectious  diseases  still  cause  a  significant  amount  of mortality and morbidity throughout the world due to the unpredictable and inevitable  rise  of  new  or  previously  dormant  pathogens.  emerging infectious disease (eid) outbreaks are mainly associated with changes in physical environment and human be...

background cancer is one of the most important leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. objectives this study aimed to calculate the burden of 9 common cancers in the population covered by mashhad university of medical sciences in iran in 2010-2011. patients and methods we calculated disability adjusted life years (dalys ) for each of nine cancers according to the sex and age groups...

this paper aims to analyze tariff protection policies in the agricultural sector of developing countries. the agricultural tariff structure in developing countries is characterized by: i) high average tariffs, ii) the existence of tariff escalation, iii) dispersion of nominal tariffs across tariff lines, and iv) a wide gap between average nominal tariffs and import-weighted average tariffs. con...

T he main purpose of this paper is to investigate and compare the impact of tourism on air pollution in selected developed and developing countries during the period of 1995-2014. To this end, at first, the model was designed based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) assumptions and with the presence of the major influencing factors on air pollution along with the international ...

Background: In this paper, the health expenditures function of developing countries is estimated with a panel data model.  Methods: All credible determinants of health expenditures in these countries are probed and their coefficients are found out. Variables that affect health expenditures in developing countries are income, demographic features, social characteristics, and technological progr...