the character of cosmopolitanism in e-commerce disputes is much more complicated than in normal international transactions. internet environment has created challenges and changes about the governing law of contracts in this space. this cyber space has technical and legal differences in compared with physical environment. in this paper, we intend to answer this question that in dispute arising ...

the law is important on point of law and economic movement. in fact, one of the production in the field of fiction markets is law and regulations. in the literature of law and economic, there is different between two laws. means that , we ought to distinguish between efficient and inefficient laws. so, there are some characteristics relation to efficient laws. this characterics are effect in th...

the good faith, on one hand, is a familiar word and, on the other hand, is a complicated concept that there is no specified definition for it in the legal field. this ethical institution which has been recommended permanently by the divine friends, nowadays, plays essential role in the positive law. in english law, although some authors accept the good faith in the performance of contracts as a...

legal fiction as a legal mechanism in various legal systems especially in formalist and inflexible legal systems is original subject of this article. in this article be analysed the nature and elements of legal fiction and its historical role in ancient roman law system and common law with comparative study in iran legal system. legal fiction as a legal mechanism in various legal systems especi...

when the victim contributes to the damage, the apportionment of liability is necessary, and the amount of compensation awarded to the victim should be reduced. also, when more than one person injures someone, the liability must be divided between them. but the problem is that how to apportion liability? should the liability be apportioned equally or different? and if the latter is true, how the...