In this study, a membrane-integrated glass capillary device for preparing small-sized water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion droplets is demonstrated. The concept of integrating microfluidics to prepare precise structure-controlled double emulsion droplets with the membrane emulsification technique provides a simple method for preparing small-sized and structure-controlled double emulsion dropl...

BACKGROUND Unprecedented spread between birds and mammals of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) of the H5N1 subtype has resulted in hundreds of human infections with a high fatality rate. This has highlighted the urgent need for the development of H5N1 vaccines that can be produced rapidly and in sufficient quantities. Potential pandemic inactivated vaccines will ideally induce su...

BACKGROUND  There is a need for better vaccines and vaccine strategies to reduce the burden of influenza in very young children.   METHODS  This phase 1, open-label study assessed the reactogenicity, safety, and immunogenicity of an inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) containing low doses of hemagglutinin antigen (7.5 µg each strain), adjuvanted with a tocopherol-based oil-in-water ...

An inactivated trivalent fowl cholera vaccine consisted of serotypes 1, 3 and 4 Pasteurella multocida strains was prepared. The vaccine provided 70-100% protection against challenge with homologous starins. ELISA assay showed a considerable increase in antibody titer after towice vaccination of 8 weeks chickens. It was found that the trivalent vaccine can induce immunogenic response in vaccinat...

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is a member of the family Birnaviridae that has been linked to high mortalities in juvenile salmonids and postsmolt stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) after transfer to seawater. IPN vaccines have been available for a long time but their efficacy has been variable. The reason for the varying immune response to these vaccines has not well defin...

Side effects caused by the excessive emulsifier in oil-based adjuvant vaccine were examined practically in swine using one oil-in-water type adjuvant vaccine against swine pleuropneumonia. The vaccine was prepared from cell-free-antigen of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, liquid paraffin, and several polyoxyethylenesorbitan and sorbitan oleates. Based on findings about safety in mice and emulsi...

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe respiratory disease in infants and children and represents an important global health burden for the elderly and the immunocompromised. Despite decades of research efforts, no licensed vaccine for RSV is available. We have developed virus-like particle (VLP)-based RSV vaccines assembled with the human metapneumovirus (hMPV) matrix...

This study aimed to assess the adjuvant effect of Montanide ™ ISA 763 AVG and Licorice extract (Glycyrrhiza glabra) on the immune responses and disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immunized with Formalin inactivated whole cells of Lactococcus garvieae vaccine. Rainbow trout with an average initial weight of 72±3 g were randomLy divided into four experimental treatments: no...

Avian influenza (AI) H9N2 is a low pathogenic virus subtype belonging to Orthomyxoviridae family. Given the prevalence of this subtype as an infectious agent in poultry industry, special attention has been always directed toward the development of vaccine production against this infection. The vaccine of this infection is produced by killing the virus and using a mixture of inactivated antigen ...

Twenty-four pregnant cows were vaccinated intramuscularly with K99 extract from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and inactivated rotavirus as follows: six cows were injected with 2 ml of oil-adjuvanted vaccine; six cows were injected with 0.5 ml of oil-adjuvanted vaccine; six cows were injected with 4 ml of aluminum hydroxide-adjuvanted vaccine twice with a four-week interval; and six cows were...