Pertussis is increasingly recognized as a source of infection in adults who then commonly infect young children. Immunity to illness caused by Bordetella pertussis is not long-lived, so optimal control of pertussis may require booster immunizations. In a cost-benefit analysis, we evaluated the benefits of 7 independent strategies for administering a pertussis booster, in the form of a diphtheri...

The diphtheria epidemic in eastern Europe and the worldwide increase in diphtheria morbidity have sparked discussion on whether people in western Europe are adequately protected. 2 In western Europe, the effectiveness of long term protection afforded by immunisation programmes is under debate. In Belgium, the national immunisation programme against diphtheria was introduced in 1959. Vaccination...

Pertussis is the only vaccine-preventable disease on the rise in the United States, with increasing incidence in adolescents and adults related to waning immunity. Although often considered a relatively mild infection in these populations, pertussis can be a serious, potentially deadly illness, particularly in children <12 months old. Infected adolescents and adults serve as a reservoir for dis...

Influenza vaccines can be categorized in two basic groups—live, which contain small amounts of live, attenuated (weakened) influenza viruses, and inactivated, which contain either whole influenza viruses or subunits of viruses. Only inactivated influenza viruses are licensed for general use in the United States; therefore, this discussion of vaccine safety and efficacy pertains exclusively to i...

BACKGROUND Influenza A is a virus that affects a wide range of animals and also human beings. Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 has the potential to create influenza pandemic and vaccination is a common solution for this problem. The vaccine, used for rapid intervention, should be safe to use and highly effective, after a single administration. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) have already b...

To determine if inactivated poliovirus vaccine combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole-cell pertussis vaccine interferes with the immunogenicity of pertussis vaccine, we performed a randomized trial of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine combined with inactivated poliovirus vaccine given as a single injection or as two separate injections at the same visit to inf...

BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a highly pathogenic and transmissible virus in swine, was first detected in the U.S. in May, 2013, and has caused tremendous losses to the swine industry. Due to the difficulty in isolating and growing this virus in cell culture, few vaccine studies using cell culture propagated PEDV have been performed on U.S. strains in pigs. Therefore, the o...

In order to control the H9N2 subtype low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI), an inactivated vaccine has been used in Korea since 2007. The Korean veterinary authority permitted the use of a single H9N2 LPAI vaccine strain to simplify the evolution of the circulating virus due to the immune pressure caused by the vaccine use. It is therefore important to determine the suitability of the vaccine s...

The immunogenicity and the efficacy of a beta-propiolactone-inactivated caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) vaccine adjuvanted with MF59™ were tested in goats. Following two subcutaneous immunizations, goats developed high titers of CpHV-1-specific serum and vaginal IgG and high serum virus neutralization (VN) titers. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated in vitro with inactivated CpH...

In this article we discuss the following: (1) acellular vaccines are immunogenic, but responses vary by vaccine; (2) pertussis antibody levels rapidly wane but promptly increase after vaccination; (3) whole-cell vaccines vary in immunogenicity and efficacy; (4) whole-cell vaccines and naturally occurring pertussis generate predominantly T-helper 1 (Th1) responses, whereas acellular vaccines gen...