One new subfamily, four new genera and 10 new species of Psychodidae are described from Burmese amber which significantly increases our knowledge about this group in the Cretaceous. Protopsychodinae n. subfam. probably represents the oldest known ancestor of modern Psychodinae and includes three species within two genera: Datzia setosa gen. et sp. n., Datzia bispina gen. et sp. n., and Mandalay...

Bajaj JS et al. (1) recently published a study in APT about gut microbiota modulation and consequences in cirrhotic patients. Cirrhotic patients with MHE patients were randomised 1:1 into LGG or placebo for 8 weeks. The aim was to determine gut microbiota composition and concomitant changes in function (metabolome) in cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). Serum, urine an...

Enchodontoidei are extinct marine teleost fishes with a long temporal range and a wide geographic distribution. As there has been no comprehensive phylogenetic study of this taxon, we performed a parsimony analysis using a data matrix with 87 characters, 31 terminal taxa for ingroup, and three taxa for outgroup. The analysis produced 93 equally parsimonious trees (L = 437 steps; CI = 0.24; RI =...

A novel filamentous fungus strain designated RB-1 was isolated into pure culture from Japanese rice field soil through an anaerobic role tube technique. The strain is a mitosporic fungus that grows in both aerobic and strict anaerobic conditions using various mono-, di-, tri-, and polysaccharides with acetate and ethanol productions. The amount of acetate produced was higher than that of ethano...

Zethus is the largest genus in Vespidae with over 270 species. It currently divided into four subgenera: Z. (Zethus), (Zethoides), (Zethusculus) and (Madecazethus). While last three are restricted to certain biogeographic areas, first spread through western eastern hemispheres. Studies have shown possible phylogenetic incongruence regarding this current division even raised possibility of parap...

The oldest reported occurrence of cryptospores supposed to derive from land plants (embryophytes) is currently considered be in the Middle Ordovician. two genera Virgatasporites and Attritasporites, described 1960ʹs Early Ordovician (Tremadocian) Algeria, are morphologically close miospores, therefore pose a dilemma, because these spore-like microfossils recorded before first appearance plant d...