considerable indirect taxes are obtained to finance different expenditures of governments. the indirect taxes have different and to somewhat contrary effects in the economy. this paper investigates on the effects of the indirect taxes on sectors’ products to finance the government expenditures. using an input-output analysis, the effects of this policy on the cost-push price inflation and emplo...

as the world trade is growing, exchange rate acts as a bridge between different economies and its volatility can affect price level, output, exports and imports. the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of real exchange rate volatility on the export demand for the two products of apple and potato in the nine developing counteries of producing and exporting the two products during...

This study uses an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to investigate the role of incomes, relative price competitiveness, and substitution prices in tourism demand from Indonesia’s six largest countries origin 2007Q1 2019Q4. Income level, competitive prices, significantly impact for Indonesia. Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, Japan, India are income elastic, signaling that is a luxury g...

The paper presents an econometric model of dynamic agricultural input demand functions that includes research based technical change and autoregressive disturbances and fits the model to data for a set of state aggregates pooled over 1950-82. The methodological approach is one of developing a theoretical foundation for a dynamic input demand system and accepting state aggregate behavior as appr...

the sources of output growth of iranian agriculture over the years 1986-2001 has been examined, using a decomposition method within the input-output (io) framework. the three comparable io tables of 1986, 1991, and 2001 have been employed as the main data sources. output changes from a demand side perspective, and decomposition of the growth of output into components attributable to consumption...

Elasticities of demand and supply for South African manufactured exports are estimated using a vector error correction model in order to address simultaneity and non-stationarity issues. Demand is highly price-elastic, with elasticities ranging from –3 to –6. The price elasticity of supply is generally about 1, but some estimates are as low as 0.35. Competitors’ prices and world income are impo...

Assessment of the electricity market shows that, electricity market data can be considered "big data". this data has been analyzed by both conventional and modern data mining methods. The predicted variables of supply and demand are considered to be the input of a defined multi-objective for predicting electricity price, which is the result of the defined model. This shows the advantage of appl...

We provide new evidence on consumer demand for ethical products from experiments conducted in a U.S. grocery store chain. We find that sales of the two most popular coffees rose by almost 10% when they carried a Fair Trade label as compared to a generic placebo label. Demand for the higher priced coffee remained steady when its price was raised by 8%, but demand for the lower priced coffee was ...

Important agricultural commodity prices more than tripled from prices observed in 2005 and 2006 to those observed in the spring and summer of 2008. Prices subsequently fell precipitously so that by early November 2008 (and continuing in the subsequent few months), the near-term futures prices of corn, wheat, and soybeans stood about 50–70% higher than before the price run-up began.1 The huge pe...