This paper proposes a novel formal semantic analysis of echo questions built upon the idea that they are questions about expressions. Although similar concepts have been occasionally expressed in the literature, no formal models have been proposed that directly reflect this metalinguistic concept. Specifically, we propose a compositional semantics of echo questions formulated in the structured ...

The main role and responsibility of second language writing teachers is to help learners to write with minimal errors. To do so, teachers need to provide students with appropriate types of feedback. In this research, the researchers examined the effect of post-text written corrective feedback on written grammatical accuracy of Iranian intermediate EFL learners. In the first phase, Nelson Profic...

Various studies have confirmed the influential role of corrective feedback (CF) in the development of different linguistic skills and components. However, little, if any, research has been conducted on comparing types of linguistic errors treated by teachers through CF. To bridge this gap, this study sought to investigate the linguistic errors addressed and the types of CF provided by teachers....

Using a fully coupled climate–terrestrial ecosystem model, we demonstrate explicitly that an initial perturbation on vegetation induces not only a direct positive vegetation feedback, but also a significant indirect vegetation–soil moisture feedback. The indirect feedback is generated through either fractional cover change or soil moisture depletion. Both indirect feedback mechanisms are trigge...

The present study aims to trace the long term effects of different types of feedback--direct, indirect, and content-on EFL learners' writing accuracy (the major concern of SLA researchers) and overall writing quality (the primary aim of L2 writing researchers). Data was gathered from three groups of Iranian EFL learners (N=44) randomly assigned to an indirect feedback, a direct feedback, and a ...

This study employed a mixed-method approach including classroom experiment and 24 in-depth interviews, to investigate the effects of two feedback techniques (coded focused unfocused written corrective feedback) on L2 learners in self-financed tertiary institute Hong Kong. Three intact classes 47 students served as control groups; group only received content organization, whereas groups also lin...