Mate choice is favored by indirect selection if choosy females mate with males of high genetic quality. We believe, however, that testing hypotheses about indirect selection has been constrained by how we conceptualize and therefore empirically measure male genetic quality. Here, we argue that genetic quality is the breeding value of an individual for total fitness. We can therefore learn littl...

A research study was carried out on the indirect selection efforts amongst small scale holders of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats based on coat pigmentation and wattle types in Ogbomoso, Nigeria using personal interviews and structured questionnaires given using simple random on-farm techniques. The questionnaires were focused on the ownership distribution, preferred pigmentation and wattle type...

The diversity of social interactions between sexual partners has long captivated biologists, and its evolution has been interpreted largely in terms of 'direct fitness' pay-offs to partners and their descendants. Inter-sexual interactions also have 'indirect effects' by affecting the fitness of relatives, with important consequences for inclusive fitness. However, inclusive fitness arguments ha...

In peer-to-peer networks, application relays have been commonly used to provide various networking services. The service performance often improves significantly if a relay is selected appropriately based on its network location. In this paper, we studied the location-aware relay discovery and selection problem for large-scale P2P streaming networks. In these large-scale and dynamic overlays, i...

Indirect reciprocity occurs when the cooperative behavior between two individuals is contingent on their previous behavior toward others. Previous theoretical analysis indicates that indirect reciprocity can evolve if individuals use an image-scoring strategy. In this paper, we show that, when errors are added, indirect reciprocity cannot be based on an image-scoring strategy. However, if indiv...

The complexity of humans' cooperative behavior cannot be fully explained by theories of kin selection and group selection. If reciprocal altruism is to provide an explanation for altruistic behavior, it would have to depart from direct reciprocity, which requires dyads of individuals to interact repeatedly. For indirect reciprocity to rationalize cooperation among genetically unrelated or even ...

UNLABELLED Although the literature has provided clinicians with some awareness of restorative material alternatives, such as laboratory-processed composite resin, these systems are not yet fully understood and implemented in daily practice, despite their benefits to dental patients. Whereas part I highlights treatment planning, preparation design, and impression making for an indirect resin onl...

this study compared the types of requesting strategies (rss) employed by thirty three persian native speakers (pnss) students at payame-noor university (pnu) in tehran, thirty seven persian lower-intermediate learners (plls) and thirty seven persian upper-intermediate learners (puls) students at persian center of imam khomeini international university (ikiu) in qazvin in order to study to what ...

Gaze and freehand gestures suit Augmented Reality as users can interact with objects at a distance without need for separate input device. We propose Gaze-Hand Alignment novel multimodal selection principle, defined by concurrent use of both gaze hand pointing alignment their on an object trigger. naturally precedes manual action is leveraged pre-selection, crossing pre-selected target complete...