The antiquity and decline of the Bronze Age Harappan civilization in the Indus-Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys is an enigma in archaeology. Weakening of the monsoon after ~5 ka BP (and droughts throughout the Asia) is a strong contender for the Harappan collapse, although controversy exists about the synchroneity of climate change and collapse of civilization. One reason for this controversy is lac...

During the hardly six months of suitable climatic window in summer season, many vegetable crops such as cabbage, cauliflower and radish are grown extensively in Ladakh region of India. These crops contribute significantly to the requirement of military and paramilitary troops in addition to the civil population inhabiting the region. In addition to growing these vegetable crops outdoor, some of...

Peer Surahayo is a newly discovered site of Pre Indus Kotdijian to the valley civilization in southeast corner 2 kms west famous shrine Adham Sultan and just close edge Rohri hills. The feeling like heap debris but micro examining over surface cultural mound with little bits broken pottery chipped stones objects are rarely scattered on top surface. main objective see total depth its affiliation...

History of Indian alchemy can be traced to pre-Vedic period. The archaeological excavations at Mohenjodaro and Harappa in the Indus valley have brought to light that, the people in ancient India were possessing chemical knowledge as early as in the pre-historic period. In Vedic period single herbs were prescribed. Minerals and animal substances were also prescribed but no compound preparations ...

This paper deals with the ethnobotany of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) an ancient crop having its origin and early domestication in South Asia and ethnobotanically very important. Due to its manifold uses in cultural and social life of ethnic people of Asia with special reference to South and South East Asia, has very early domestication and evolutionary history. In India, its history begins from...

Plant remains from archaeological sites reflect many aspects of the relationship between people, plants, and the environment in which they lived. Plant macroremains—seeds and wood that are visible without a microscope—can address a wide range of questions. The most basic include what crops were grown? What was used for fuel? Do any of the plants come from distant lands? Examples from fourth and...

Small communities in the primeval societies used to bury solid waste just outside their settlement, discharge aqueous waste into the local water bodies and release gaseous pollutants into the atmosphere. The increase in community size necessitated a more organised form of waste management to minimize the environmental impacts as the quantity of pollutants exceeded the system’s threshold. The st...

Early state societies (civilizations) developed in areas of the world where intensive agricultural systems could be developed to produce food on the scale necessary to support relatively large and dense populations. The centralized structure of these states contributed to the process of intensification and agricultural investment, though in most cases direct state involvement appears not to hav...

India has been the cradle of ancient civilizations world, such as Indus Valley civilization and Gandhara civilization. No develops flourishes without arts, crafts, sciences, Nor development any can be imagined vital role women. women in Indian society were not allowed to receive education. This misconception only existed past but also persists today. While Hindu scriptures, old writings Books o...

Are statistical methods useful in distinguishing written language from nonlinguistic symbol systems? Some recent articles (Rao et al. 2009a, Lee et al. 2010a) have claimed so. Both of these previous articles use measures based at least in part on bigram conditional entropy, and subsequent work by one of the authors (Rao) has used other entropic measures. In both cases the authors have argued th...