Over the past decade, a new approach to environmental analysis has developed. Although the scope and definition are not yet completely fixed, the new field of “industrial ecology” focuses on reducing the environmental impacts of goods and services, on systems-based analysis of environmental problems, and on innovations that can significantly improve environmental performance. Industrial ecology...

The paper analyses the interaction between economic incentives and work norms in the context of social insurance. If the work norm is endogenous in the sense that it is weaker when the population share of beneficiaries is higher, then voters will choose less generous benefits than otherwise. We also discuss welfare-state dynamics when there is a time lag in the adjustment of the norm in respons...

Past research has firmly established the importance of knowledge sharing in R&D settings. However, current theories provide limited, biased, unsystematic and conflicting perspectives on the origination of knowledge sharing and are thus of limited guidance for knowledge management practices in R&D. To integrate and extend these fragmented insights we undertook two exploratory field studies of kn...

The benefits of an international division of labour is never illustrated more clearly than in small developed nations like Denmark. Without many natural resources such countries can never be self sufficient and they need access to foreign markets in order for their firms to specialise and utilize economics of scale. The specialisation chosen is mainly in low-tech goods, where the risk of sudden...

SCIENCE: A Weekly Journal, since 1900 the official organ of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science every Friday at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Communications relative to articles offered for publication should be addressed to Editor, Massachusetts and Nebraska Avenues, Washington 16, D. C. An Impurity in Some Co...

The aim of this paper is to add new findings to the knowledge based view of the firm, where the cross-learning ability of individuals and organizations plays a fundamental role in the determination of firms’ superior performances. Collective, non formal – informal, formal types of learning (learning drivers) contribute to shape the competitiveness of firms, especially in the present knowledge-b...

Data mining has burst into the limelight recently, thanks to a series of key application successes [2]. Big business and industry has raised the stakes by investing in this nascent technology, and has laid down high expectations for this emerging area. Although the methods and systems for data mining are based upon and in uenced by years of classical work in statistics, pattern recognition, inf...

What is it famous for? Outside Australia, it is mainly known for killing rabbits, although this is far from a major function. The CSIRO's charter is to use science to benefit Australia — industrially, environmentally and socially. How does it help the environment? It is often heavily involved in campaigns against invaders such as rabbits and foxes. The CSIRO also supported the move to replace t...

The growing importance of knowledge-based competition has prompted many firms to build international cooperative ventures for skills acquisition and knowledge building. Based on an empirical study of a close collaboration in the knowledge intensive area between a British and a Japanese high-technology firm, the paper examines how the socially embedded nature of knowledge can impede cross-nation...

Innovation may be seen as a process of knowledge creation and the speed and direction of knowledge creation reflects the organizational set-up of the firm as well as its investments in R&D and training. Establishing ‘a learning organization’ where horizontal interaction and communication inside and across the borders of the firm is a major factor promoting knowledge creation in the context of a...