background: considering the role of laboratory tests as a central part of controlling health expenditure, this study intends to investigate laboratory tests overutilization in iran to pave the way for future interventions.   methods: inappropriate laboratory utilization was reviewed in a cross-sectional survey through the retrospective analysis of 384 medical records at a tertiary center. to pa...

Transfer protocols are composed from basic protocol mechanisms and accordingly a complex protocol can be veriied by a series of relatively simple mechanism proofs. Our approach applies L. Lamport's Temporal Logic of Actions (TLA). It is based on a modular compositional TLA-style and supports the analysis of exibly conngured high-speed transfer protocols.

Despite that drugs have widely varying indications for therapeutic use, many unrelated drugs share a common cardiac pharmacologic effect if taken in overdose. The purpose of this article is to group together agents that cause similar electrocardiographic effects,review their pharmacologic actions, and discuss the electrocardiographic findings reported in the medical literature.

To address the global extinction crisis, both efficient use of existing conservation funding and new sources of funding are vital. Private sponsorship of charismatic 'flagship' species conservation represents an important source of new funding, but has been criticized as being inefficient. However, the ancillary benefits of privately sponsored flagship species conservation via actions benefitin...

This paper proposes a model of multilateral contracting where players are engaged in two parallel interactions: they dynamically form coalitions and play a repeated normal form game with temporary and permanent decisions. We show that when outside options are independent of the actions of other players all Markov Perfect equilibrium without coordination failures are efficient, regardless of ext...

We present the first tractable, exact solution for the problem of identifying actions’ effects in partially observable STRIPS domains. Our algorithms resemble Version Spaces and Logical Filtering, and they identify all the models that are consistent with observations. They apply in other deterministic domains (e.g., with conditional effects), but are inexact (may return false positives) or inef...

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We describe a new mechanistic bioeconomic model for simulating the spread of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) within a dairy cattle herd. The model includes age-dependent susceptibility for infection; age-dependent sensitivity for detection; environmental MAP build up in five separate areas of the farm; in utero infection; infection via colostrum and waste milk, and it allows f...

A micro burette, micro pipette, and methods for their use in quantitative toxicological investigations on mandibulate insects are described. It is suggested that the form of curves relating speed of toxic action to dosage may be explained by postulating suitable changes in rate of distribution, excretion, and cell penetration of poison as dosage varies. The speed of toxic action of pentavalent ...