Assistant Surgeon, Medical College Hospital, Calcutta, ortnerly Clinical Pathologist, Protozoology Depart-' ment, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine.) The; role which Giardia inrcsnnuus may 'n the production of intestinal symptoms is still a disputed point. Nothing very definite can be stated one way or the other. It is claimed on the one hand' that it is frequently present in healthy persons...

This paper examines and applies methods for modelling of longitudinal binary data subject to both intermittent missingness and dropout. The paper is based around the analysis of data from a study into the health impact of a sanitation programme carried out in Salvador, Brazil. Our objective is to investigate risk factors associated with incidence and prevalence of diarrhoea in children aged up ...

The coccidian parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis is recognized as an emerging pathogen that causes protracted diarrhea in humans. The first cases of Cyclospora infection were reported in the late 1970s and were observed among expatriates and travelers in regions where infections are endemic. Since then, Cyclospora has been considered a cause of traveler's diarrhea. Epidemiological investigations ...

Records of 402 children--216 (53.7%) males and 186 (46.3%) females--aged 1-36 month(s), admitted to the Diarrhoea Treatment and Training Unit of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin city, Nigeria, during July 1993-June 1996, were reviewed to document the relationship between dehydration and malaria parasitaemia. There was a significant association between severity of dehydration and...

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), a common cause of infant diarrhea, is associated with high risk of mortality in developing countries. The primary niche of infecting EPEC is the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells. EPEC employs a type three secretion system (TTSS) to inject the host cells with dozens of effector proteins, which facilitate attachment to these cells and success...

It has been estimated that roughly 420,000 children under five years of age die annually in Latin America, most of the victims being less than a year old. Diarrhea1 disease syndromes are believed responsible for roughly one-fifth of these deaths (I). The numbers of actual diarrhea1 disease cases reported have been relatively low (on the order of 250,000 cases per year) because of statistical un...

OBJECTIVE Stool cultures are expensive and time consuming, and the positive rate of enteric pathogens in cases of nosocomial diarrhea is low. The 3-day rule, whereby clinicians order a Clostridium difficile (CD) toxin test rather than a stool culture for inpatients developing diarrhea >3 days after admission, has been well studied in Western countries. The present study sought to validate the 3...

BACKGROUND The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to determine the effect of feeding a commercial lacteal-derived colostrum replacer (CR) or pooled maternal colostrum (MC) on preweaning morbidity, growth and mortality in Holstein heifer calves. A total of 568 calves were randomly assigned to be fed either 3.8 L of pooled MC or two doses (200 g IgG) of a CR. Calves were monitored ...

BACKGROUND Nowadays there is a debate about the indication of the oral whole-cell/recombinant B-subunit cholera vaccine (WC/rBS) in traveller's diarrhoea. However, a cost-benefit analysis based on real data has not been published. METHODS A cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit study of the oral cholera vaccine (WC/rBS), Dukoral for the prevention of traveller's diarrhoea (TD) was performed in ...

Enterohemolysin produced by Escherichia coli associated with infant diarrhea showed characteristics similar to those of thiol-activated hemolysins produced by Gram-positive bacteria, including inactivation by cholesterol, lytic activity towards eukaryotic cells and thermoinstability. However, enterohemolysin activity was not inactivated by oxidation or by SH group-blocking agents (1 mM HgCl2, 1...