Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disorder of the CNS with an unknown aetiology. Although intrathecal immunoglobulin G (IgG) synthesis is a key feature of the disease, little is still known about the B cell response in the CNS of multiple sclerosis patients. We analysed the phenotype and kinetics of different B cell subsets in patients with multiple sclerosis, infec...

MS is an immune mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination, axonal damage and neurologic disability. The primary cause of this CNS disease remains elusive. Here we will address our current understanding of the role of viruses as potential environmental triggers for MS. Virus infections can act peripherally (outside the CNS) or within the CNS. The associa...

introduction and aims: microscopic colitis has been generally recognized as lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis: two inflammatory diseases of large intestine without a definite origin. the colon appears normal by colonoscopy. so, biopsy of the colonic mucosa is mandatory for diagnosis. materials and methods: as a descriptive design we assessed epidemiological, clinical and laboratory fi...

background : the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) may have changed over time. the incidence and prevalence of ibd appears to be lower in asia and south america. although once believed to be infrequent in iran, there has been a rising trend in ibd over the past two decades. however, in iran there is no data about the incidence and prevalence of ibd. materials and methods : â demogra...

aim : the present study evaluated the association between g241r and k469e polymorphisms of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene and inflammatory bowel disease in iranian population.   background : inflammatory bowel disease including ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease, is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. there are two single base polymorphisms of in...

pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) is a rare complication of transvaginal oocyte retrieval. it may result in failure of assisted reproductive techniques (art). during a 7 years period, 5958 transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte retrievals resulted in 10 cases of acute pid. eight out of 10 patients were diagnosed infertile because of endometriosis. two patients had mild ovarian, 3 had stage iii, ...

crohn’s disease (cd) is rarely presented with lower gi bleeding (lgib) which eludes the clinician. a 25-year-old lady with severe rectorrhagia was presented with no history of constipation, diarrhea or abdominal pain. colonoscopy revealed ulcers in the rectum, sigmoid colon, and terminal ileum. crohn’s pathologic features were detected in the terminal ileum. the bleeding was controlled via supp...

M ultiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex multifaceted disease in which inflammatory autoimmune attack in the central nervous system (CNS) leads to the destruction of the myelin sheath and the formation of demyelinated lesions in the white matter [1]. Diffused molecular and cellular changes in normal-appearing white matter and cortical demyelination have also been recognized as a component of MS pa...

introduction: multiple sclerosis (ms) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae), is a chronic inflammatory diseases and degenerative myelin in the cns. with respect to being the main cause of this disease is unknown; the most common treatments for the disease (ms) with the aim of suppressing harmful inflammatory responses are used. neuro transmitters having immunosup...

Inflammation and inflammatory responses are modulated by a bidirectional communication between the neuroendocrine and immune system. Many lines of research have established the numerous routes by which the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS) communicate. The CNS signals the immune system through hormonal pathways, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the hormones...