This paper analyzes the credit demand depression phenomenon resulting from long-term institutional supply rationing. Under the interaction between imperfect formal credit system and rural households’ risk aversion behavior, rural households will be discouraged to depress their credit demand or replace it with informal credit, which we call demand-side credit constraints. It find that about 33.7...

HIV/AIDS is a serious challenge to economic development. Increasing mortality and morbidity reduce living standards directly and have repercussions that affect all areas of the economy. Individuals and households face increasing risks, both directly through the risk of infection, and indirectly as formal and informal social insurance mechanisms are eroded. Companies face productivity losses and...

Recent evidence shows that many Sub-Saharan African farmers use modern inputs, but there is limited information on how these inputs are financed. We use recent nationally representative data from four countries to explore input financing and the role of credit therein. A number of our results contradict "conventional wisdom" found in the literature. Our results consistently show that traditiona...

Social health insurance (SHI) is enjoying something of a revival in parts of the developing world. Many countries that have in the past relied largely on tax finance (and out-of-pocket payments) have introduced SHI, or are thinking about doing so. And countries with SHI already in place are making vigorous efforts to extend coverage to the informal sector. Ironically, this revival is occurring ...

Informal finance is a crucial financing method for small and micro enterprises (SMEs) in most developing countries. Interest rate risks (IRS) should be vital component of SMEs' informal strategies (IFS), public health emergencies (as COVID-19) likely to modify IFS due increased liquidity SMEs. This article examines the relationship between IRS its moderated effects by COVID-19. The study develo...

Families provide a considerable amount of informal care and support for older adults living with dementia. And when an older adult with dementia is hospitalized, family caregivers should be seen as important sources of information and included as valuable members of the health care team. This article describes a best-practice approach to working with families and includes recommendations for us...

background informal payments for health care, which are common in many countries, can have negative effects on health care access, equity and health status as they lead people to forgo or delay seeking care, or to sell assets to pay for care. many countries are putting reforms in place with the aim of reducing informal payments. in order to be successful, such policies should be informed by the...

Purpose This paper analyzes global interest in Internet information about decentralized finance (DeFi), embedded (EmFi), open (OpFi), ocean (OcFi) and sustainable (SuFi) the relationship among them. Design/methodology/approach The used a comparative methodology based on regression correlation analyses to assess DeFi, EmFi, OpFi, OcFi SuFi. Findings findings reveal that EmFi was more popular Asi...

This article assesses the opinions of youth tomato growers on accessibility agricultural credit and factors that influence in Democratic Republic Congo (DRC). Data originated from a household survey for 2019/2020 farming season. We interviewed 218 6 horticulture production zones South-Kivu, eastern DRC. The result reveals low rate 20.6% accessing among growers. topmost nature received was cash-...

This paper presents a simple two-period, dual economy model in which migration options may affect the informal financing of educational investments. When credit contracts are universally available and perfectly enforceable, spatially varied returns to human capital have no effect on educational investment patterns. But when financial markets are incomplete and informal mechanisms subject to imp...