When applying simple screening (Tier 1) tools to estimate exposure to chemicals in a given exposure situation under the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of CHemicals Regulation 2006 (REACH), users must select from several possible input parameters. Previous studies have suggested that results from exposure assessments using expert judgement and from the use of modelling t...

Short daily periods of binocular exposure (BE) can offset longer single daily episodes of monocular exposure (ME) to prevent the development of deprivation amblyopia. To determine whether the outcome depended upon an absolute daily amount of BE or its proportion of the daily visual exposure, daily mixed visual input of 3 different durations (3.5, 7, or 12 h) was imposed on 3 cohorts of kittens....

Solubility can be the absorption limiting factor for drug candidates and is therefore a very important input parameter for oral exposure prediction of compounds with limited solubility. Biorelevant media of the fasted and fed state have been published for humans, as well as for dogs in the fasted state. In a drug discovery environment, rodents are the most common animal model to assess the oral...

Humans are capable of rapidly extracting regularities from environmental input, a process known as statistical learning. This type of learning typically occurs automatically, through passive exposure to environmental input. The presumed function of statistical learning is to optimize processing, allowing the brain to more accurately predict and prepare for incoming input. In this study, we ask ...

abstract background: occupational exposure studies indicate that formaldehyde exposure causes temporary and consistent effects on industrial workers exposed to formalin. case: the case was a 36-year-old man who had developed intravascular hemolytic anemia caused by formalin after inhalation exposure. formalin is a clear solution of 37% formaldehyde in water. the primary route of exposure to for...

Circadian rhythms in Syrian hamsters can be phase shifted by behavioral arousal during the usual rest phase of the circadian rest-activity cycle. Phase shifts can be greatly potentiated by exposing the animals to constant light for 1 or 2 cycles. This could reflect a change in a specific nonphotic input pathway to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) circadian pacemaker, or it could be caused by a...

This study was designed to find which one of the three different presentations, i.e. input, input-output, and output-input, will be more effective in Iranian EFL learners' vocabulary acquisitions. To this end, first 54 out of 64 female students, aged from 19 to 23 years, with an average of 21, were selected out of starter-level EFL learners at the University of Tarbiat Moalem in Bandar Abbas, I...

Despite the general findings that address the positive contribution of teaching pragmatic features to interlanguage pragmatic development, the question as to the most effective method is far from being resolved. Moreover, the potential of literature as a means of introducing learners into the social practices and norms of the target culture, which underlie the pragmatic competence, has not been...

Abstract In this paper we examine the possible distributional impacts of new trade barriers associated with Trade and Cooperation Agreement governing relations between UK EU after Brexit. We use a model labour demand that incorporates input–output links across industries, allows for substitution by firms consumers worker reallocation industries. find workers’ exposure is moderately increasing e...

Motor adaptation in response to a visuomotor distortion arises when the usual motor command no longer results in the predicted sensory output. In this study, we examined if exposure to a sensory discrepancy was sufficient on its own to produce changes in reaches and recalibrate the sense of felt hand position in the absence of any voluntary movements. Subjects pushed their hand out along a robo...