Shortly after the discovery of insulin, Kimball and Murlin (1) postulated the existence of a hyperglycemic pancreatic factor, which they named glucagon. The factor was believed to be responsible for the initial transient hyperglycemia following parenteral administration of pancreatic extracts of insulin preparations. Several workers attempted to isolate and purify the active principle. A decade...

Automated closed-loop control of blood glucose concentration is a daily challenge for type 1 diabetes mellitus, where insulin and glucagon are two critical hormones for glucose regulation. According to whether glucagon is included, all artificial pancreas (AP) systems can be divided into two types: unihormonal AP (infuse only insulin) and bihormonal AP (infuse both insulin and glucagon). Even t...

Our objective is to elucidate the nature of the autoimmune disregulation in diabetes through the antigen specificity of the T-cell receptor (TCR) sequences generated by patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Previously we demonstrated that TCR from T1DM patients and NOD mice mimic insulin, glucagon and their receptors. We hypothesize that these TCR will bind to each other (as insulin an...

Migraine is a disabling brain disorder involving abnormal trigeminovascular activation and sensitization. Fasting or skipping meals is considered a migraine trigger and altered fasting glucose and insulin levels have been observed in migraineurs. Therefore peptides involved in appetite and glucose regulation including insulin, glucagon and leptin could potentially influence migraine neurobiolog...

Glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, peripheral insulin resistance and hyperglucagonemia are common in patients with advanced liver disease. These abnormalities in the plasma levels of the pancreatic hormones, insulin and glucagon have been thought to be responsible, at least in part, for the abnormal plasma ratio of branched-chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids. To evaluate this issue, ...

Exogenously administered somatostatin (SST) inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that islet SST regulates glucagon secretion by a local action. A number of studies utilizing SST antibodies have been performed to test this hypothesis, and their results have been conflicting. Five subtypes of SST receptor (SSTR1-5) mediate the effect of SST on target cells. ...

OBJECTIVE Animal and in vitro studies indicate that a decrease in beta-cell insulin secretion, and thus a decrease in tonic alpha-cell inhibition by intraislet insulin, may be an important factor for the increase in glucagon secretion during hypoglycemia. However, in humans this role of decreased intraislet insulin is still unclear. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied glucagon responses to...

OHNEDA, A., KOBAYASHI, T., NIHEI, J. and SAKAI,T. Secretion of Glucagon in Liver Cell Carcinoma. Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1985, 146 (1), 47-57 In order to elucidate the response of plasma glucagon in liver cell carcina, a clinical study was performed in 12 patients with liver cell carcinoma in addition to 8 patients with liver cirrhosis and 8 normal subjects. Arginine infusion elicited increases in...

Diabetes is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and complications resulting from diabetes have been attributed in part to increased oxidative stress. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) constitute a major protective mechanism against oxidative stress. Studies of the expression and activity of GSTs during diabetes are inconclusive, with both increased and decreased GST expression being repor...

A B S T R A C T The role of glucagon in the metabolic adaptation to prolonged fasting in man has been examined. Plasma immunoreactive glucagon was determined during 6-wk fasts and during infusion of exogenous glucagon using an assay which minimized nonpancreatic immunoreactivity. Plasma glucagon concentrations rose twofold to a peak on the 3rd day of fasting and then declined thereafter to a le...