Antibiotic prophylaxis has been, since 1960s, one of the management options in treating vesicoureteral reflux. The purpose of this review article is to provide a concise overview of the rational for antiobiotic prophylaxis and to discuss the various agents used. Some of the current controversies regarding use of antibiotics for reflux will also be presented.

Reflux nephropathy is thought to be the etiology for renal maldevelopment. We present two boys with fetal hydronephrosis and sterile vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). There was lack of renal growth of the refluxing renal units on surveillance renal ultrasound. Parents elected to undergo open ureteral reimplants. Post-surgical ultrasounds demonstrated improved renal growth.

Primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the most common urological anomaly in children and has been reported in 30 to 50% of those who present with urinary tract infection (UTI). The association of VUR, UTI and renal parenchymal damage is well known. Reflux nephropathy is the cause of endstage renal failure in 3–25% of children and 10–15% of adults. There has been no consensus regarding when med...

Hoover and Duckett identified the relationship between valves, reflux, and dysplasia, commonly known as VURD (Posterior urethral valve, Unilateral vesicoureteral reflux, Renal dysplasia) syndrome. They noted preserved contralateral renal function in patients with unilateral reflux into a non-refluxing kidney. The proposed mechanism of this protection is that the refluxing collecting system acts...

PURPOSE Little consensus exists regarding the choice of a specific modality of voiding cystography in the evaluation and management of vesicoureteral reflux. We hypothesized that choices of pediatric urologists are based on technical factors of the studies themselves, as well as institutional factors unique to their hospital(s). Therefore, we surveyed pediatric urologists to determine their cur...

Patients with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), the retrograde flow of urine from bladder to kidney, are known experience renal scarring; this results in worsening function. Reflux nephropathy is a cause chronic kidney disease, and VUR has also been observed dialysis patients. major underlying precursor condition urinary tract infection (UTI) sometimes accompanied by hydronephrosis. However, there n...

Urinary collecting system duplication is a congenital anomaly and can associate various types of urinary tract pathologies. Authors will illustrate by cases some of associated anomalies such as ureterocele, extravesical ectopic ureter, vesicoureteral reflux or reflux nephropathy; one case presented an association between posterior urethral valve and bilateral collecting system duplication.

Objective: To calculate the frequencies of acute pyelonephritis and renal scarring in patients under the age of two, with first episode of urinary tract infection in a Brazilian university hospital, comparing with data reported in the international literature. Materials and Methods: Scintigraphic reports of children less than two years old submitted to Tc-DMSA renal scintigraphy in a university...

PURPOSE When children are initially diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux most undergo a period of antibiotic prophylaxis followed by serial imaging. Although improvement in reflux grade through time presumably predicts eventual resolution, the significance of changing grade through time is unknown. We examined whether improvement in reflux on serial imaging predicts resolution. MATERIALS AND ...