This paper tells the early history of penicillin patenting in Spain. Patents turn out to be useful instruments for analysing the management of knowledge and its circulation in different professional and geographical domains. They protected knowledge while contributing to standardisation. Patents also ensured quality and guaranteed reliability in manufacturing, delivering and prescribing new dru...

Although the ever-growing usage of antimicrobials in the fields of medicine, pharmacology, and microbiology have undoubtedly allowed for unprecedented advances in the scientific world, these advances are nevertheless accompanied by unprecedented challenges. Sharp increases in antibiotic usages have led to inefficient and wasteful usage practices. Bacterial resistances have dramatically increase...

Illicit trade in tobacco products presents a threat to public health because it undermines the use of tax and price policies, which are among the most effective mechanisms for reducing tobacco consumption. Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) are in the final stages of negotiating a protocol aimed at strengthening international cooperation in the fight against illic...

From a “Western” perspective, International Studies in the PRC have long time not be seen as an academic discipline but as highly ideological field controlled by the Chinese state. This certainly holds true for the early period of International Studies following the founding of the PRC, when Marxism-Leninism and the ideas of Mao Zedong served as guiding theories. But after the decisions of open...

The main purpose of this article – is the systematization of stages and trends of the sociology of education development in Ukraine. The article solves problems of separating the stages of development of this branch of sociology in Ukraine, the personification of their frameworks and the analysis of the research methodology used. The results of the research were obtained from use of the histori...

Antibiotic resistance has emerged as one of the greatest global health challenges to be addressed in the 21st Century. The risk of widespread antibiotic resistance threatens to mitigate the positive changes made in modernizing healthcare systems; therefore, fresh approaches are essential, as well as new and effective antibacterial drugs. In a globalized world, a spectrum of different interventi...

In this paper, I put the ongoing G20 process of improving the regulation of international finance into a historically and theoretically informed perspective. To understand the driving forces behind and obstacles to international cooperation in governing finance I combine concepts from international and comparative political economy. Different variants of capitalism have reacted in distinct ways...

The Association of Space Explorers is an international nonprofit professional and educational organization that has only one prerequisite for membership – having made at least one orbit of the Earth in space. It was founded in 1985 by a small group of fliers from the U.S., the Soviet Union and other countries. Our vision is a world where living, working, and exploring in space will be as famili...

Foreword The Slovak National Committee for IUGG is pleased to present the second Slovak National Report to IUGG which should provide a concise summary of the geophysical and geodaetic research, and results accomplished in the period of 1999 – 2002 in the Slovak Republic. The Report consists of partial reports to five associations – IAG, IAGA, IAHS, IAMAS and IASPEI. The reports to associations ...

Human societies are largely the intermingling and synthesis of several peoples and cultures brought together through conquest, immigration, trade, or geography. In post-industrial societies, this phenomenon is also occurring internationally across national borders. As the world becomes more interdependent, and people discover the benefits of international cooperation, so too cultures are conver...