T ension-type headache (TTH) is the most prevalent primary headache and the second most prevalent disorder in the world 1. However, despite the great progress made in understanding the putative physiological and biological abnormalities of migraines in recent decades 2 , the same cannot be said for their counterpart, TTH, which has been relegated to the background by most investigators 3 and, n...

OBJECTIVES To gauge consensus regarding a proposed definition for refractory migraine proposed by Refractory Headache Special Interest Section, and where its use would be most appropriate. BACKGROUND Headache experts have long recognized that a subgroup of headache sufferers remains refractory to treatment. Although different groups have proposed criteria to define refractory migraine, the de...

The association between migraine and stroke is still a dilemma for neurologists. Migraine is associated with an increased stroke risk and it is considered an independent risk factor for ischaemic stroke in a particular subgroup of patients. The pathogenesis is still unknown even if several studies report some common biochemical mechanisms between these two diseases. A classification of migraine...

OBJECTIVE To study the pattern of migraine, and to show the effect of age and duration of illness on the evolution of migraine symptoms. METHODS A review of 200 migraine cases (attending the outpatient neurology clinic at Rezgary Teaching Hospital, and Kurdistan Private Neurology Clinic) was carried out during the period between October 2007 to May 2008. Case definition of migraine was accord...

INTRODUCTION The efficacy of current preventive migraine treatments is limited. In addition, tolerability problems are not infrequent. OBJECTIVES To check our experience with topiramate in the treatment of patients with refractory migraine. PATIENTS AND METHODS We offered treatment with topiramate to patients with the diagnosis of International Headache Society (IHS) migraine who had not re...

PURPOSE The etiology of recurrent isolated sixth nerve palsies in older adults has not been well described in the literature. Sixth nerve palsies presenting with a chronic, relapsing, and remitting course are uncommon, but can herald a diagnosis of high morbidity and mortality in the older population. PATIENTS AND METHODS Our method was a retrospective case series study. A review of clinical ...

This study, which is a part of the initiative 'Lifting The Burden: The Global Campaign to Reduce the Burden of Headache Worldwide', assesses and presents all existing evidence of the world prevalence and burden of headache disorders. Population-based studies applying International Headache Society criteria for migraine and tension-type headache, and also studies on headache in general and 'chro...

Despite the recent advances in the understanding and classification of the chronic daily headaches, considerable controversy still exists regarding the classification of individual headaches, including chronic migraine (CM) and medication overuse headache (MOH). The original criteria, published in 2004, were difficult to apply to most patients with these disorders and were subsequently revised,...

The familial occurrence of cluster headache was assessed in 421 probands with cluster headache, diagnosed according to the diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society. The probands were from a neurological clinic and two departments of neurology. They received a mailed questionnaire regarding the presence of cluster headache among their relatives. All possibly affected relatives w...

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence, characteristics and impact of headache among university students. METHOD The criteria established by the International Headache Society were used to define the primary headache subtypes and the Migraine Disability Assessment Questionnaire (MIDAS), to assess the disability. The students were then grouped into six categories: [1] migraine; [2] probable mig...