The oceans' phytoplankton that underpin the marine food chain appear to be changing in abundance due to global climate change. Here, we compare the first four years of data from a citizen science ocean transparency study, conducted by seafarers using home-made Secchi Disks and a free Smartphone application called Secchi, with contemporaneous satellite ocean colour measurements. Our results show...

We present two cases of disc herniation associated with juvenile intervertebral disc calcification, a rare, self-limiting process which typically resolves with conservative treatment. Recognition of this entity prevents unnecessary diagnostic workup and possible surgical intervention. A review of the literature for this rare entity is discussed.

Dogs presented to the Small Animal Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran were included in the present study if spinal or intervertebral disc involvement was suspected. Clinical signs were recorded as well as general information of the patient such as age, breed and sex. Sixty dogs were examined radiographically and two standard orthogonal lateral and ventrodorsal projections wer...

Introduction: PLDD (Percutaneous laser disk decompression) is a safe, non-destructive and successful surgical treatment for lumbar disk herniation. The purpose of this study was the evaluation of advantages in the procedure of percutaneous laser disk decompression in the treatment of lumbar disk herniation in comparison to open surgical methods on lumbar disk herniation like microdisectomy. Pat...

STUDY DESIGN Cadaveric Biomechanical and Radiographic Analysis. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to quantify the changes in intervertebral height and lateral and central recess areas afforded by lateral interbody fusion cages with 2 supplemental forms of internal fixation in cadaveric specimens. BACKGROUND DATA When conservative treatment for symptomatic lumbar stenosis fails, tradit...

PURPOSE To compare conventional T2-weighted spin-echo imaging with a rapid acquisition relaxation enhanced (RARE) technique in the routine evaluation of lumbar degenerative disk disease. METHODS Thirty consecutive patients referred for evaluation of the lumbar spine for suspected degenerative disk disease were evaluated with sagittal and axial T1-weighted spin-echo, conventional T2-weighted s...

Background & Aim: Low back pain is broadly documented as one of the most widespread pathologies in the advanced domain. Although the reasons of low back pain are uncountable, it has been meaningfully related to intervertebral disc degeneration. Present therapies for Intervertebral Disc (IVD) degeneration such as physical therapy and spinal fusion reduce symptoms' severity, but do not treat the ...

Structure and Function Articular cartilage is structurally well suited to support joint function: it provides a nearly frictionless interface between joint surfaces and protects underlying bones by redistributing loads. By bulk chemical analysis cartilage consists mainly of water (more than 70% of wet mass), proteoglycan (15% of wet mass), and collagen (15% of wet mass). More than 80% of the pr...