OBJECTIVE To examine electrolyte-free water requirements that should be considered when administering maintenance fluids in a critically ill child. We examine some of the difficulties in estimating these requirements, and discuss the controversies with respect to the traditional recommendations. SOURCES MEDLINE (1966-2007), Embase (1980-2007), and the Cochrane Library, using the terms fluid t...

Microbubbles show peculiar properties, such as shrinking collapse, long lifetime, high gas solubility, negative electric charge, and free radical production. Fluids supersaturated with various gases can be easily generated using microbubbles. Oxygen microbubble fluid can be very useful for oxygen delivery to hypoxic tissues. However, there have been no reports of comparative investigations into...

PURPOSE Recent studies have established the association between hypotonic fluids administration and hospital-acquired hyponatremia in children. The present paper investigated the pattern of current practice in intravenous fluid prescription among Korean pediatric residents, to underscore the need for updated education. METHODS A survey-based analysis was carried out. Pediatric residents at si...

Intervention 19 patients were allocated to receive a calculated volume (mean 2 l) of intravenous normal saline (treatment group), and 22 were allocated to receive no intravenous fluid (control group) during bowel preparation. Intravenous fluid administration (hourly infusion rate 4 ml/kg for the first 10 kg, 2 ml/kg for the second 10 kg, and 1 ml/kg for each subsequent kg) began at the same tim...

BACKGROUND Trauma/retrieval patients are often in shock and hypothermic. Treatment of such patients usually involves restoring their blood volume with transfusion of blood (stored at 2 degrees C - 6 degrees C) and/or crystalloids or colloids (stored at ambient temperature). Rapid infusion of these cold fluids can worsen or even induce hypothermia in these patients. Warming of intravenous fluids...

In patients with traumatic injury of an upper limb it is often necessary to both secure intravenous (IV) access and record blood pressure noninvasively in the other upper limb. This may cause intermittent obstruction to the flow of IV fluids during cuff inflation. Also backflow of blood into the IV tubing when the cuff is inflated and the temporary stasis which occurs predisposes to clotting of...

Objective: Unusual or unexpected effect of treatment Background: Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome characterized by skeletal muscle breakdown, that involves the release of intracellular contents into the circulation, including creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin, electrolytes, organic acids, and purines. Causes of rhabdomyolysis include trauma, exertion, drugs, and toxins (including alcohol), and electr...

Oral rehydration treatment has prevented the deaths of millions of infants in the developing world. During the cholera outbreak of 1832 in Britain, 3 important advances in fluid therapy transiently emerged: intravenous fluid therapy, oral salt and water treatment, and chemical analysis of body fluids. William Stevens provided uncontrolled evidence that fluids and salt could prevent death, and W...

Extravasation of intravenous fluids is a major cause of morbidity in pediatric population. Age is a risk factor for extravasation possibly due to need for smaller catheters and inability to communicate pain as an early warning sign. The prevalence of extravasation injuries resulting in skin necrosis recorded as 38 per 1000 neonates (1). Several factors play role in extravasation injuries includ...

conclusions in critically ill patients, the symptoms of hypophosphatemia may not be apparent, but clinicians should be vigilant about this complication during therapy. in cases of severe symptoms (e.g., cardiopulmonary distress, anemia and thrombocytopenia, or rhabdomyolysis), phosphate therapy under close surveillance is warranted. introduction although asymptomatic hypophosphatemia is a commo...