background and purpose: in some patients, invasive radiology procedures by using anesthetics and contrast may lead to certain reaction. therefore, consent must be obtained from patients. at the moment, some radiology centers obtain the consent from the patient in some of invasive radiology procedures in iran. due to the importance of consent and its position in patients' ethics, and becaus...

surgery, which reduce tissue trauma, post-operative patient discomfort, hospital stay and working disability. For such techniques, it is advisable to use the operating microscope, although they can also be performed using magnifying spectacles. Usually, a higher magnification allows a less traumatic tissue dissection and a better control of bleeding. Chemodenervation therapy, which can also be ...

The authors provide an overview of the minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) procedure including indications, technique, and complications. This novel technique is a method of achieving circumferential lumbar fusion using a unilateral dorsal approach. Minimally invasive TLIF uses a tubular retractor that is inserted via a muscle-dilating exposure, thereby minimizing t...

BACKGROUND Bronchoscopy is frequently used for the evaluation of suspicious pulmonary lesions found on computed tomography, but its sensitivity for detecting lung cancer is limited. Recently, a bronchial genomic classifier was validated to improve the sensitivity of bronchoscopy for lung cancer detection, demonstrating a high sensitivity and negative predictive value among patients at intermedi...