The stage-regulated HASPB and SHERP proteins of Leishmania major are predominantly expressed in cultured metacyclic parasites that are competent for macrophage uptake and survival. The role of these proteins in parasite development in the sand fly vector has not been explored, however. Here, we confirm that expression of HASPB is detected only in vector metacyclic stages, correlating with the e...

Rodent baits containing systemic insecticides are potential tools to interrupt the cycle of transmission of Leishmania parasites by killing sand flies that take bloodmeals from rodents as adults. Bio-indicators that can be used in conjunction with rodent-targeted sand fly control methods also have been developed to demonstrate that the insecticide treatments are reaching the targeted life stage...

BACKGROUND Bangladesh, India and Nepal are working towards the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) by 2015. In 2005 the World Health Organization/Training in Tropical Diseases launched an implementation research programme to support integrated vector management for the elimination of VL from Bangladesh, India and Nepal. The programme is conducted in different phases, from proof-of-concep...

Differentiation of extracellular Leishmania promastigotes within their sand fly vector, termed metacyclogenesis, is considered to be essential for parasites to regain mammalian host infectivity. Metacyclogenesis is accompanied by changes in the local parasite environment, including secretion of complex glycoconjugates within the promastigote secretory gel and colonization and degradation of the...

A Case Report entitled “Sand fly Fever with Skin Lesions: A Case Series from Turkey” was published in 2016 (Fatih Temocin, et al. 2016). Different names such as “Phlebotomus fever”, ‘’mosquito fever’’, three-day fever or “Papatasi fever” called the disease of Sand fly fever which all are true except ‘’mosquito fever’’ (Tavana 2001, 2015). Mosquito is not a general name in English and is used ju...

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand fly. Susceptibility and refractoriness to Leishmania depend on the outcome of multiple interactions that take place within the sand fly gut. Promastigote attachment to sand fly midgut epithelium is essential to avoid being excreted together with the digested blood meal. Promastigote and gut sand fly surface glycans are imp...

Cyfluthrin was evaluated in the field as a residual insecticide to develop a new strategy for control of Old World phlebotomine sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis, which live and rest inside termite mounds and animal burrows. This insecticide was evaluated as a residual spray in Baringo District, Kenya, during 1993. Termite mounds and animal burrows were treated with a cyfluthrin/corn oil mixtur...

Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Lutzomyia apache, a North American sand fly, was incriminated as a vector of vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV) due to overlapping ranges of the sand fly and recent outbreaks of VSV. We report on the discovery of 2 populations of L. apache in Wyoming from Albany and Fremont counties. We attempted to isolate VSV and phlebov...

The development and survival of sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli (Diptera: Psychodidae) larvae fed feces of Syrian hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus, that had been fed a diet containing novaluron were evaluated. In total, six larval diets were used in sand fly larval bioassays. Four groups of larvae were fed feces of hamsters that had been maintained on a diet containing either 0, 9.88, 98.8,...

BACKGROUND Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis has long been endemic in Israel. In recent years reported incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis increased and endemic transmission is being observed in a growing number of communities in regions previously considered free of the disease. Here we report the results of an intensive sand fly study carried out in a new endemic focus of Leishmania major. Th...