We study the maximum out forests of a (weighted) digraph and the matrix of maximum out forests. A maximum out forest of a digraph Γ is a spanning subgraph of Γ that consists of disjoint diverging trees and has the maximum possible number of arcs. If a digraph contains out arborescences, then maximum out forests coincide with them. We consider Markov chains related to a weighted digraph and prov...

1 This is one of three background papers commissioned by the United Nations Forum for Forests. Background paper 1: Focuses on economic contributions of forests, by Agrawal, Shepherd and Cashore; Background Paper 2: Forests and crosssectorial linkages, by Lele, Karsenty, Benson, Fétiveau, Agarwal and Goswami; and Background paper 3: The role of forests in a future world, by Agrawal et al. Deline...

The sustainable use of forests constitutes one of the great challenges for the future due to forests' large spatial coverage, long-term planning horizons and inclusion of many ecosystem services. The mission of the Future Forests programme is to provide a scientifically robust knowledge base for sustainable governance and management of forests preparing for a future characterized by globalizati...

the study examined prospects of selected forest fruits and vegetables in enugu north agricultural zone of enugu state, nigeria. structured interview schedule and focus group discussion were used to collect data from a sample of one hundred and twenty (120) respondents. data were analyzed using matrix rank ordering, percentage, mean scores and standard deviation. results of the study identified ...

increasing urbanisation and industrialisation have led to a dramatic reduction in forest area, and now only culturally protected remnants of natural forests and some new plantations remain in most areas of the north of iran. to investigate the status of the chemical and physical characteristics of soil under these remnant forests and assess the possible impacts of reforestation on soil properti...

Small and scattered patches of forests contrast sharply within the context flat monotonous dark green pastures in Dutch polder landscapes. These patches, with various types trees, are like little islands, surrounded by ditches. They not remnants original old peat swamp but farmers created past for particular purposes. Their names offer clear indications: addition to general name ‘small forests’...

In the years 2009–2013, China carried out its eighth national survey of forest resources. Based on the survey data, this paper used a biomass conversion function method to evaluate the carbon stores and carbon density of China’s arboreal forests. The results showed that: (1) By age group, the largest portion of carbon stores in China’s arboreal forests are in middle-aged forests. Over-mature fo...

this study aims to investigate the relationships between people?s livelihoods and the woodland resources of the ganaveh watershed in southern zagros, iran, as a basis for suggestions of strategies for sustainable management of the woodland resources and improvement of the livelihoods of people in the community. household data were collected through interviews with heads of households and member...

chestnut-leaved oak (quercus castaneifolia c. a. mey) is one of the most important native oaks of iran distributed in the hyrcanian forests. the pure and mixed stands of it cover about 6.5% of these forests. the species represents morphological variations which have resulted in the description of several infraspecific taxa by different authors. eight taxa were recognized as subspecies and varie...