R anibizumab (Lucentis) and bevacizumab (Avastin) are both commonly used to treat wet age related macular degeneration (AMD) in the United Kingdom. Many primary care trusts, which pay for treatments in England, see little difference between them, other than the price: ranibizumab costs around 12 times more than bevacizumab. But Novartis insists there are subtle and important differences between...

Although speech derived from reading texts, and similar types of speech, e.g. that from reading newspapers or that from news broadcast, can be recognized with high accuracy, recognition accuracy drastically decreases for spontaneous speech. This is due to the fact that spontaneous speech and read speech are significantly different acoustically as well as linguistically. This paper reports analy...

In recent years, half a dozen major research groups have simulated or constructed sizeable networks of artificial neurons, with the ultimate goal to emulate the entire human brain. At this point, these projects are a long way from that goal: they typically simulate thousands of mammalian neurons, versus tens of billions in the human cortex, with less dense connectivity as well as lesscomplex ne...

Fraction and decimal arithmetic are crucial for later mathematics achievement and for ability to succeed in many professions. Unfortunately, these capabilities pose large difficulties formany children and adults, and students’ proficiency in them has shown little sign of improvement over the past three decades. To summarize what is known about fraction and decimal arithmetic and to stimulate gr...