the applicability of executing the qiṣāṣ punishment through donation of organs is a novel topic and at the same time influential in safeguarding the blessings of human health and life. the legitimacy of this procedure requires delving into legal views and opinions. the renowned majority of imāmī jurists believe that the procedure of executing punishment in blood-vengeance has no topicality (rel...

Nowadays, there are many collective ijtihad by various internationally recognized Islamic organizations as well individual fatwas of leading contemporary Muslim jurists have been undertaking the process identifying modern wealth that compulsory to be zakatable. This is because nowadays, economic activities capable generating higher profit returns and them seen probably than those traditional za...

The International Law Association (ILA) and the Institut de Droit (IDI) were both founded in 1873 at a critical juncture history of pacifism internationalism, immediate aftermath 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War 1872 British-American Alabama arbitration. Frustrated by blatant violations international rules during war then emboldened arbitral resolution protracted dispute between Britain United Sta...

It is often noted that successful designing requires two types of knowledge: explicit, articulate, domain-specific knowledge, and inarticulate, domain-independent, procedural knowledge. Neuropsychological evidence is provided for a dissociation between the two types of knowledge. This reinforces the reality of the distinction. It is further suggested that the inarticulate, procedural knowledge ...

Recent advances in the field of cloning and stem cell research have introduced new hope for treatment of serious diseases. But this promise has been accompanied by enormous questions. Currently, cloning is a matter of public discussion. It is rare that a field of science causes debate and challenge not only among scientists but also among ethicists, religious scholars, governments, and politici...

Scholars, jurists, and citizens have long been concerned with the question of whether donations lead to an undue distortion of lawmakers’ behavior. After decades of research, methodological shortcomings have prevented a clearer understanding of the role of campaign donations on political outcomes from emerging. I begin with a methodological critique of observational research’s attempts to answe...

Since different social structures impose dissimilar consequences upon outputs, the precursor to evaluating the doctrinal consequences that a given topology imposes is a descriptive effort to characterize its physical properties. Given the difficulty associated with obtaining appropriate data for federal judges, it is necessary to rely upon a proxy measure to paint a picture of the social landsc...

The past few decades have witnessed bleak pictures of unhappy physicians worldwide. Japanese physicians working in hospitals are particularly distressed. Today, Japan's healthcare system is near collapse because physicians are utterly demoralized. Their loss of morale is due to budget constraints, excessive demands, physician shortages, poor distribution, long working hours, hostile media, incr...

It is often noted that successful designing requires two types of knowledge: explicit, articulate, domain-specific knowledge, and inarticulate, domain-independent, procedural knowledge. Neuropsychological evidence is provided for a dissociation between the two types of knowledge. This reinforces the reality of the distinction. It is further suggested that the inarticulate, procedural knowledge ...

Abstract Scholars and students at early modern European universities wrote hundreds of thousands dissertations. One reason why these sources have long been neglected is that they defy any individual's capacity for close reading. This article adopts a digital distant reading approach to uncover long-term trends in the titles over 20,000 legal dissertations written German during seventeenth centu...