IRK1 (Kir2.1) inward-rectifier K+ channels exhibit exceedingly steep rectification, which reflects strong voltage dependence of channel block by intracellular cations such as the polyamine spermine. On the basis of studies of IRK1 block by various amine blockers, it was proposed that the observed voltage dependence (valence approximately 5) of IRK1 block by spermine results primarily from K+ io...

The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between wages, human capital and investment in financial assets with risky returns at the individual level. To explore this relationship from an international perspective, we analyse individual level data from the British Household Panel Survey, the German Socio-Economic Panel and the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Our findings suggest ...

This paper reports a set of experiments motivated by the observation that the design of group decision processes is crucial to the success of electronic meeting room usage. Decision processes can be designed with more emphasis either on exchanging meanings (discussing issues) or exchanging artefacts (generating and structuring topics). Our problem is that, given a particular case to be discusse...

Introduction: Bloom filters [1] are a space-efficient, probabilistic data structure for representing a list of elements (for example, a list of strings). A Bloom filter is an array of m bits. A string is mapped into a Bloom filter by inputting it to a group of k hash functions resulting in k array positions. Each indexed array position is set to 1. A string is tested for membership by inputting...

in this research, active capacitance circuit and the feature of negative resistance are analysed in details. also, a new active filter is presented based on active capacitance circuit. for simulations, we used matlab and advanced design system(ads). proposed active filter (rf) is a narrow band filter. the results of simulation shows some aspects of sustainability and low noise feature. the circ...

Potassium (i.e., K(+)) channels allow for the controlled and selective passage of potassium ions across the plasma membrane via a conserved pore domain. In voltage-gated K(+) channels, gating is the result of the coordinated action of two coupled gates: an activation gate at the intracellular entrance of the pore and an inactivation gate at the selectivity filter. By using solid-state NMR struc...

K(+) channels control transmembrane action potentials by gating open or closed in response to external stimuli. Inactivation gating, involving a conformational change at the K(+) selectivity filter, has recently been recognized as a major K(+) channel regulatory mechanism. In the K(+) channel hERG, inactivation controls the length of the human cardiac action potential. Mutations impairing hERG ...

Potassium channels are opened by ligands and/or membrane potential. In voltage-gated K+ channels and the prokaryotic KcsA channel, conduction is believed to result from opening of an intracellular constriction that prevents ion entry into the pore. On the other hand, numerous ligand-gated K+ channels lack such gate, suggesting that they may be activated by a change within the selectivity filter...

Steep rectification in IRK1 (Kir2.1) inward-rectifier K(+) channels reflects strong voltage dependence (valence of approximately 5) of channel block by intracellular cationic blockers such as the polyamine spermine. The observed voltage dependence primarily results from displacement, by spermine, of up to five K(+) ions across the narrow K(+) selectivity filter, along which the transmembrane vo...

Membrane voltage controls the passage of ions through voltage-gated K (K(v)) channels, and many studies have demonstrated that this is accomplished by a physical gate located at the cytoplasmic end of the pore. Critical to this determination were the findings that quaternary ammonium ions and certain peptides have access to their internal pore-blocking sites only when the channel gates are open...