The evolutionary history of the common chloroplast (cp) genome of the allotetraploid Arabidopsis suecica and its maternal parent A. thaliana was investigated by sequencing 50 fragments of cpDNA, resulting in 98 polymorphic sites. The variation in the A. suecica sample was small, in contrast to that of the A. thaliana sample. The time to the most recent common ancestor (T(MRCA)) of the A. suecic...

It has been reported that targeted disruption of ampD I or mrcA causes β-lactamase hyperproduction in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. We show here that β-lactamase-hyperproducing laboratory selected mutants and clinical isolates can have wild-type ampD I and mrcA genes, implicating mutation of at least one additional gene in this phenotype. The involvement of mutations at multiple loci in the act...

[1] Global observations of mid-ocean ridge (MOR) bathymetry demonstrate an asymmetry in axial depth across ridge offsets that is correlated with the direction of ridge migration. Motivated by these observations, we have developed two-dimensional numerical models of asthenospheric flow and melting beneath a migrating MOR. The modification of the flow pattern produced by ridge migration leads to ...

Nonvisual responses to light, such as photic entrainment of the circadian clock, involve intrinsically light-sensitive melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells as well as rod and cone photoreceptors. However, previous studies have been unable to demonstrate a specific contribution of cones in the photic control of circadian responses to light. Using a mouse model that specifically lacks mid-wavelen...

Genes involved in disease that are not common are often difficult to identify; a method that pinpoints them from a small number of unrelated patients will be of great help. In order to establish such a method that detects recessive genes identical-by-descent, we modified homozygosity mapping (HM) so that it is constructed on the basis of homozygosity haplotype (HM on HH) analysis. An analysis u...

We derive the exact one-step transition probabilities of the number of lineages that are ancestral to a random sample from the current generation of a bi-parental population that is evolving under the discrete Wright-Fisher model with n diploid individuals. Our model allows for a per-generation recombination probability of r . When r = 1, our model is equivalent to Chang's (Adv Appl Probab 31:1...

One of the limiting factors for high resolution magnetic resonance coronary angiography (MRCA) is the motion of the heart during breathing. Current approaches use mainly motion correction in one dimension. We aimed to determine the relation between diaphragmatic motion and cardiac motion as well as the potential influence from external restraints reducing thoracical anterior posterior (AP) moti...

BACKGROUND The classification of HIV-1 strains in subtypes and Circulating Recombinant Forms (CRFs) has helped in tracking the course of the HIV pandemic. In Senegal, which is located at the tip of West Africa, CRF02_AG predominates in the general population and Female Sex Workers (FSWs). In contrast, 40% of Men having Sex with Men (MSM) in Senegal are infected with subtype C. In this study we ...

striped rice stem borer, chilo suppressalis (lepidoptera: pyralidae) is one of the major pests in north part of iran which causes serious damage. the last larval instar overwinters in the stem of weeds around the fields. regarding the importance of weeds as overwintering habitat, population density of larvae was studied in three areas; low-, mid-, and up-lands of mazandaran province and also on...

Background & Aims: Women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at risk for developing cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is noninvasive marker of sub clinical atherosclerosis assessment. The aim of the present study was to assess relationship between GDM and increased CIMT. Methods: Twenty women with previous history of GDM and...