oil sector is the most effective sector in these countries. oil is the most important product that world industries use as the cheapest energy. the price of oil depends on the world’s supply and demand and many economic, political and geographical variables. this is the reason why the price of oil has fluctuations. the fluctuations in oil price lead to fluctuate in the oil revenues of the membe...

[1] Global food security increasingly relies on the trade of food commodities. Freshwater resources are essential to agricultural production and are thus embodied in the trade of food commodities, referred to as ‘‘virtual water trade.’’ Agricultural production predominantly relies on rainwater (i.e., ‘‘green water’’), though irrigation (i.e., ‘‘blue water’’) does play an important role. These d...

a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Trends Terms of trade Integrated process Structural break Price indices This paper conducts a robust estimation of terms of trade between United Kingdom and British India over the period 1858 to 1947. The trend estimate of the terms of trade is measured using a novel econometric method due to Perron and Yabu (2009a) that is robust to the presence or absence of a ...

The U.S. government awarded export subsidies to agribusiness firms through the Export Enhancement Program (EEP). This study analyzes (a) whether the subsidies promoted new firm market entry and (b) whether firm characteristics influenced program participation. Trade in three commodities, poultry, wheat, and wheat flour, was analyzed using firm-level data. It was found that new firm market entry...

This study contributes to the literature on energy market risk management and portfolio by examining co-movements between several commodities in a context light of impact types uncertainty over time under high, medium, low frequencies. Using wavelet decomposition analysis, we first investigate lead-lag relationship together with power correlation major renewable non-renewable indexes indexes. S...

The present value model says that an asset's price equals the sum of current and future discounted expected future payoffs from ownership of the asset. I explore the limits of the present value model by testing its ability to explain the pricing of storable commodities. For commodities the payoff stream is the convenience yield that accrues from holding inventories, and it can be measured direc...

green fig, a fruit usually consumed as dried is one of the important non-oil export agricultural commodities of iran. physical properties of green fig are vital parameters as regards the design of such post harvest processing equipments as dryers, sorters and storing chambers. in this research work the effect of moisture content on fruit characteristic dimensions, geometric mean diameter, spher...

This paper examines the risk spillover mechanism between China's stock market and international commodity markets using selected industry data series on soybean copper, gold, silver, sugar, crude oil. Based results of this analysis, a DCC-GARCH model is used to describe dynamic correlation, build hedging model, calculate efficiency, evaluate effect. According findings, industrial optional consu...

Economic Growth Is The Thing That Gets Most Attention, Because One Of People's Welfare Achieved If Good. Comes From Plantation Subsector. Sub-Sector Concern To Government Its Production Can Increase Country's Foreign Exchange, And Also Has A Great Opportunity Exports. This Study Used Qualitative Research Methods. Aims Review How Subsector Contributes Supporting Growth, Especially In North Sumat...

iran's economy dependence on oil revenues has caused some impacts in the form of commodity price fluctuations on current revenues. accordingly, in the past few years especially in the second development plan, the government included encouragements and reduced the country's dependence on oil revenues in its agenda. agricultural export, especially livestock and poultry export has a proper status ...