Results Uncoated synthesized magnetite nanoparticles and nanoparticles coated by different polysaccharides had no significant effect on synaptic vesicle acidification, the initial velocity of L-[14C]glutamate uptake, ambient level of L-[14C]glutamate and the potential of the plasma membrane of synaptosomes, and conductance of planar lipid membrane. Native ferritin-based magnetic nanoparticles h...

Migraine is a common, debilitating condition affecting up to 15% of the population. The ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus relays trigeminal sensory input to the primary somatosensory cortex. In vivo electrophysiological recordings were made from the cell bodies of thalamocortical relay neurons in rats. We investigated whether microiontophoretic ejection of beta antagonists could inhib...

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the cells in the brain stem pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPT) are critically involved in the normal regulation of wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. To test this hypothesis, one of four different doses of the excitatory amino acid L-glutamate (15, 30, 60, and 90 ng) or saline (control vehicle) was microinjected unilaterally into ...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate vitreous glutamate concentration and axon loss in monkeys with experimental glaucoma. METHODS We induced unilateral chronic glaucoma by means of laser trabecular destruction in 14 rhesus and 6 cynomolgus monkeys. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was monitored weekly. We assessed optic nerve damage clinically and photographically. Vitreous, sampled immediately before enucleatio...

Altered glutamate tolerance has been implicated in the aetiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Plaitakis & Caroscio [ 11 reported plasma fasting levels of 2 1.4 f 7.9 pnol/l in 22 control subjects and of 40.8 f 12.7 pmol/l in 22 patients with ALS. These workers also reported significantly greater elevation of plasma glutamate in patients after oral administration of monosodium glutama...

This study aimed to enhance γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in pigeon pea milk (CCM). The drink was prepared from germinated and fermented using the probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Dad-13. Various nutrients significantly increased GABA content milk, i.e., sucrose 3% (4409 mg/L), monosodium glutamate (MSG) 1% (59,562 whey 4% (5283 respectively. Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-encoding genes wer...

The crinoid echinoderm Antedon mediterranea autotomises its arms at specialised skeletal joints known as syzygies that occur at regular intervals along the length of each arm. Detachment is achieved through the nervously mediated destabilisation of ligament fibres at a particular syzygy. The aim of this investigation was to identify neurotransmitters that are involved in the autotomy response. ...

The effect of L-glutamate of cyclic AMP levels in different areas of rat cerebral cortex was examined during the development of an iron-induced focus in the left sensorimotor cortex. The addition of L-glutamate resulted in increased cyclic AMP levels in slices from the quarter of cortex with the iron-induced focus. The levels lowered in slices from the quarter of cortex most remote from the foc...

4-Deuterioglutamic acid was prepared by incubation in DzO of ammonium mesaconate with an extract of Clostri&urn tetanomorphum. In these extracts, methylaspartase catalyzed the formation of threo-3-methyl-L-aspartate-3-D, which was then rearranged to glutamate by the cobamide coenzyme-dependent glutamate mutase. The monodeuteriosuccinate obtained by chloramine-T oxidation of the glutamate showed...

As a natural analogue of glutamate, l-theanine is the unique amino acid derivative in green tea. Although its underlining mechanisms are not yet clear, it has been suggested that l-theanine treatment may prove beneficial to patients with neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect and its mechanism of l-theanine in an in vitro model of Alzheimer's disea...