Introduction: Nitric oxide (NO) is a neuronal messenger molecule in the central nervous system, which is generated from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and involves in many important opioid-induced effects. Our previous studies revealed that Cuminum cyminum interestingly reduces morphine sensitization, tolerance and dependency in male mice. Therefore, in the present study, the effe...

The effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonists on hypothermia induced by cocaine or morphine have been studied in mice. In the present work, subcutaneous (SC) injection of cocaine (50-150 mg/kg) or morphine (125-500 mg/kg) induced hypothermia in mice. Administration of CCKA receptor antagonist MK-329 (0.5-1.5 mg/kg), CCKB receptor antagonist L-365, 260 (0.5-1.5 mgl kg) and CCK r...

OBJECTIVE To examine the environmental life cycle from poppy farming through to production of 100 mg in 100 mL of intravenous morphine (standard infusion bag). DESIGN 'Cradle-to-grave' process-based life cycle assessment (observational). SETTINGS Australian opium poppy farms, and facilities for pelletising, manufacturing morphine, and sterilising and packaging bags of morphine. MAIN OUTCO...

background: role of nitric oxide (no) on expression of morphine conditioning using a solely classic task has been proposed previously. in this work, the involvement of no on the expression of opioid-induced conditioning in the task paired with an injection of naloxone was investigated. methods: conditioning was established in adult male wistar rats (weighing 200-250 g) using an unbiased procedu...

For over 30 years empirical studies have repeatedly demonstrated that the biosynthesis of morphine by diverse animal and human tissues occurs. Recently, the blue mussel's neural tissues and human white blood cells were used to demonstrate the de novo biosynthesis of morphine for small precursor molecules derived from the aromatic amino acid L-tyrosine. Because catecholamine precursors, i.e., L-...

morphine was used as a remedy for the control of diarrhea centuries before it's sedative-analgesic effect was discovered. although several mechanisms have been proposed for the morphine-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit (oit), the exact mechanism has not yet been identified. on this basis the possible involvement of the dopaminergic system in morphine-induced inhibition of tra...

Recently, we demonstrated that the diffusible messenger molecule nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the hyperthermic response induced by morphine by using a nonselective nitric-oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. The present work extended these studies to include 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), an inhibitor specific for neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (nNOS), N(5)-(-iminoethyl)-L-or...

Background Opiate addiction is associated with complex cognitive impairment, which contributes to the development of compulsive drug use and relapses. Dopamine and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors play critical roles in opiate-induced cognitive deficits. However, the roles of D1 and D3 receptors in the N-methyl-D-aspartate/glycineB receptor-regulated cognitive behaviors induced by morphine remain...

Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8), a gut-brain peptide, regulates a variety of physiological behavioral processes. Previously, we reported that exogenous CCK-8 attenuated morphine-induced conditioned place preference, but the possible effects of CCK-8 on aversively motivated drug seeking remained unclear. To investigate the effects of endogenous and exogenous CCK on negative components of mor...

Objective: In the present study, the effects of aqueous saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) on the acquisition and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice were investigated. Materials and Methods: Subcutaneous administration of morphine (40 mg/kg for four days) produced place preference. Intraperitoneal administration of aqueous extract (40 and 80 mg/kg for...