1. The tail withdrawal reflex is mediated by a monosynaptic circuit composed of tail sensory and motor neurons, but there appear to be additional neuronal elements that also contribute to the reflex. A newly identified interneuron, called LPI1 7, was located in the pleural ganglion. This neuron formed a parallel excitatory pathway between sensory and motor neurons. The distinguishing feature of...

The Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) resistance locus, Rsv3, previously mapped between markers A519F/R and M3Satt in the soybean molecular linkage group B2 (chromosome 14), has been characterized by examination of the soybean genome sequence. The 154 kbp interval encompassing Rsv3 contains a family of closely related coiled-coil nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) genes. Tightly linked...

Heavy and light chain subunits of immunoglobulin are synthesized on different size classes of polysomes in mouse myelomasl-' and immunized rabbit lymph nodes.4-6 Nascent light chains are released from ribosomes and enter a pool of free light chain which eventually complements with heavy chain, forming the covalently associated immunoglobulin molecule, (HL)2." ' Since the intracellular dimers HL...

he empirical studies have shown that cost advantages can occur due to economies of scale and economies of learning. However, a few studies have attempted to distinguish between these two effects on reducing costs. This paper is the first attempt on recognizing the impact of learning on reducing the cost with distinguishing the effect of economies of scale in Iran. Therefore, this study aims to ...

In the light-harvesting chlorophyll pigment-proteins of photosynthesis, a carotenoid is typically positioned within a distance of ;4 Å of individual chlorophylls or antenna arrays, allowing rapid triplet energy transfer from chlorophyll to the carotenoid. This triplet energy transfer prevents the formation of toxic singlet oxygen. In the cytochrome b6f complex of oxygenic photosynthesis that co...

Nascent Polypeptide-associated Complex (NAC) was identified in eukaryotes as the first cytosolic factor which contacts the nascent polypeptide chain emerging from the ribosome. NAC is present as a homodimer in Archaea and as a highly conserved heterodimer in eukaryotes. Mutations in NAC cause severe embryonically lethal phenotypes in mice, D. melanogaster and C. elegans. In the yeast Saccharomy...