Wanderwörter are a problematic set of words in historical linguistics. They usually make up a small proportion of the total vocabulary of individual languages, and only a minority of loanwords. They are, however, found frequently in languages from across the world. There is, to our knowledge, no general synthesis of Wanderwörter patterns, causes of exceptionally high borrowing rates for particu...

The aim of this work is to present the lexical changes in Serbian language caused by COVID-19 pandemic. paper analyses new words that appeared which very quickly expanded domain their use from specific medical terminology and became part everyday spoken language, including motivated them. Types neologisms emergence are presented (borrowing English changing or developing meanings existing words,...

When languages cease to exist, the decisive factors are social in nature. The processes may be accompanied by what is called extensive ‘borrowing’ and ‘simplification’. Structural phenomena of these kinds are, however, sometimes viewed as the very reasons for decay and death. Languages displaying these ‘corruptions’ are thought to demolish themselves and to destroy their own identity. But the p...

This paper examines how availability of microfinance influences households’ borrowing from informal sources in village economies. It uses a unique household level panel data set, which spans more than two decades (1987–2008), from rural Bangladesh. We find that households’ access to microfinance reduces the incidence of borrowing from informal sources, but not the amount of borrowing. We find t...

This study is to re-examine the language phenomenon which occurred in Japan. Japan had undergone a linguist phenomenon called Lou Go (‘Lou language’) between 2006 and 2007. Lou Go had been analysed its basic grammar rule and the use of vocabulary when it was in trend. However, the analysis was not linguistically studied and its implication was unknown. The objective of this study is to investig...

THETERM'heredity' was brought into the English language to match the French use of 'heredite'. This happened between 1860 and 1870, when a noun was needed to refer to the maturing domain of scientific enquiry that had come to crystallize around the set of phenomena that were previously loosely clustered around the adjective 'hereditary'. French physicians had been using 'heredite' in such a spe...

We present a generic method for establishing interpolation properties by ‘borrowing’ across logical systems. The framework used is that of the so-caled ‘institution theory’ which is a categorical abstract model theory providing a formal definition for the informal concept of ‘logical system’ and a mathematical concept of ‘homomorphism’ between logical systems. We develop three different styles ...

We develop a general model of lending in the presence of endogenous borrowing constraints. Borrowing constraints arise because borrowers face limited liability and debt repayment cannot be perfectly enforced. In the model, the dynamics of debt are closely linked with the dynamics of borrowing constraints. In fact, borrowing constraints must satisfy a dynamic consistency requirement: the value o...

This paper investigates how a firm’s borrowing cost evolves as it ages. Using a new data set of more than 200,000 bank-dependent small firms for 1997-2002, we find the following. First, the distribution of borrowing costs tends to become less skewed to the right over time, which can be partially attributed to “selection” (i.e., exits of defaulting firms reduce the total borrowing costs), but is...